Demarcation of local neighborhoods to study relations between contextual factors and health

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Several studies have highlighted the importance of collective social factors for population health. One of the major challenges is an adequate definition of the spatial units of analysis which present properties potentially related to the target outcomes. Political and administrative divisions of urban areas are the most commonly used definition, although they suffer limitations in their ability to fully express the neighborhoods as social and spatial units.</p> <p>Objective</p> <p>This study presents a proposal for defining the boundaries of local neighborhoods in Rio de Janeiro city. Local neighborhoods are constructed by means of aggregation of contiguous census tracts which are homogeneous regarding socioeconomic indicators.</p> <p>Methodology</p> <p>Local neighborhoods were created using the SKATER method (TerraView software). Criteria used for socioeconomic homogeneity were based on four census tract indicators (income, education, persons per household, and percentage of population in the 0-4-year age bracket) considering a minimum population of 5,000 people living in each local neighborhood. The process took into account the geographic boundaries between administrative neighborhoods (a political-administrative division larger than a local neighborhood, but smaller than a borough) and natural geographic barriers.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The original 8,145 census tracts were collapsed into 794 local neighborhoods, distributed along 158 administrative neighborhoods. Local neighborhoods contained a mean of 10 census tracts, and there were an average of five local neighborhoods per administrative neighborhood.</p> <p>The local neighborhood units demarcated in this study are less socioeconomically heterogeneous than the administrative neighborhoods and provide a means for decreasing the well-known statistical variability of indicators based on census tracts. The local neighborhoods were able to distinguish between different areas within administrative neighborhoods, particularly in relation to squatter settlements.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Although the literature on neighborhood and health is increasing, little attention has been paid to criteria for demarcating neighborhoods. The proposed method is well-structured, available in open-access software, and easily reproducible, so we expect that new experiments will be conducted to evaluate its potential use in other settings. The method is thus a potentially important contribution to research on intra-urban differentials, particularly concerning contextual factors and their implications for different health outcomes.</p

Gender-specific association between night-work exposure and type-2 diabetes: results from longitudinal study of adult health, ELSA-Brasil

Objectives Diabetes is a multifactorial disease of increasing prevalence. The literature suggests an impact of night work on metabolic components, though the relationship with diabetes is unclear. Our aim was to investigate gender-specific associations between night work and type-2 diabetes (DM2) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) using baseline data of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Methods The cohort comprised 15 105 civil servants, aged 35–74 years. Baseline assessments (2008–2010) included clinical and laboratory measurements and interviews on sociodemographic, occupational, and health characteristics. Results In the baseline sample (N=14 427), 19.6% were classified as having DM2 and 20.5% as having IGT. Mean age was 52.1 (SD 9.1) years. A total of 2041 participants worked at night for 1–20 years and 687 for >20 years. Among women exposed to night work for >20 years compared with no night work after adjustments for potential confounders, including obesity, the odds ratios (OR) derived from multinomial logistic regression for DM2 and IGT were 1.42 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.39–1.45] and 0.96 (95% CI 0.94–0.99), respectively. Among men exposed to night work for >20 years compared with no night work, the OR for DM2 and IGT were 1.06 (95% CI 1.04–1.08) and 0.99 (95% CI 0.98–1.01), respectively. Conclusions The association between years of night work and diabetes is stronger among women than men. Longitudinal studies from ELSA-Brasil will be able to corroborate or refute these findings

Idade no primeiro parto e diabetes recentemente diagnosticada em mulheres pós-menopáusicas : uma análise transversal do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil)

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: It has been reported that earlier age at first childbirth may increase the risk of adult-onset diabetes among postmenopausal women, a novel finding with important public health implications. To date, however, no known studies have attempted to replicate this finding. We aimed to test the hypothesis that age at first childbirth is associated with the risk of adult-onset diabetes among postmenopausal women. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional analysis using baseline data from 2919 middle-aged and elderly postmenopausal women in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). METHODS: Age at first childbirth was determined from self-reporting and newly diagnosed diabetes through a 2-hour 75-g oral glucose tolerance test and/or glycated hemoglobin. Logistic regression was performed to examine associations between age at first childbirth and newly diagnosed diabetes among postmenopausal women. RESULTS: We did not find any association between age at first childbirth and diabetes, either when minimally adjusted for age, race and study center (odds ratio, OR [95% confidence interval, CI]: ≤ 19 years: 1.15 [0.82-1.59], 20-24 years: 0.90 [0.66-1.23] and ≥ 30 years: 0.86 [0.63-1.17] versus 25-29 years; P = 0.36) or when fully adjusted for childhood and adult factors (OR [95% CI]: ≤ 19 years: 0.95 [0.67-1.34], 20-24 years: 0.78 [0.56-1.07] and ≥ 30 years: 0.84 [0.61-1.16] versus 25-29 years; P = 0.40). CONCLUSION: Our current analysis does not support the existence of an association between age at first childbirth and adult-onset diabetes among postmenopausal women, which had been reported previously.CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Foi relatado que idade mais precoce no primeiro parto pode aumentar o risco do diabetes de início adulto entre mulheres na menopausa, um novo achado com implicações de saúde pública importantes. Até então, no entanto, nenhum estudo conhecido tentou replicar esta descoberta. Objetivou-se testar a hipótese de que a idade no primeiro parto está associada ao risco de diabetes de início na vida adulta em mulheres pós-menopáusicas. DESENHO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Análise transversal utilizando dados de base de 2.919 mulheres pós-menopáusicas de meia-idade e idosas no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). MÉTODOS: A idade no primeiro parto foi determinada por autorrelato e diabetes recentemente diagnosticado por um teste de tolerância à glicose oral de 2 horas com 75 g e/ou hemoglobina glicada. A regressão logística foi realizada para examinar associações entre idade no primeiro parto e diabetes recentemente diagnosticada entre mulheres pós-menopáusicas. RESULTADOS: Não encontramos associação entre idade no primeiro parto e diabetes, quando ajustados minimamente para idade, raça e centro de estudo (odds ratio, OR [intervalo de confiança, IC 95%]: ≤ 19 anos: 1,15 [0,82-1,59], 20-24 anos: 0,90 [0,66-1,23], ≥ 30 anos: 0,86 [0,63-1,17] versus 25-29 anos, P = 0,36) ou quando totalmente ajustados para fatores infantis e adultos (OR [IC 95%]: ≤ 19 anos: 0,95 [0,67-1,34], 20-24 anos: 0,78 [0,56-1,07], ≥ 30 anos: 0,84 [0,61-1,16] versus 25-29 anos, P = 0,40). CONCLUSÃO: Nossa análise atual não apoia uma associação entre a idade no primeiro parto e o diabetes de início na vida adulta entre mulheres pós-menopáusicas, como relatado anteriormente

Gender differences in cumulative life-course socioeconomic position and social mobility in relation to new onset diabetes in adults: the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

Purpose: We investigated gender-specific associations of cumulative socioeconomic position across life course and social mobility with new onset diabetes mellitus (NODM) in over 12,000 civil servants in Brazil. Methods: We used data from ELSA-Brasil baseline (2008e2010). The accumulation of risk was assessed using an education-based score and an occupation-based score. Educational and occupational social mobility were also evaluated. Results: In minimally adjusted models, NODM increased with increasing exposure to life-course social disadvantages, especially in men. This gender difference was pronounced when cumulative processes were evaluated by education-based scores (high vs. low cumulative social disadvantage, odds ratio [OR] ¼ 4.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.6e8.5 in men and OR ¼ 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1e3.6 in women). After including proximal diabetes risk factors possibly acting as mediators, these associations remained high only in men (high vs. low cumulative social disadvantage, OR ¼ 4.4; 95% CI: 2.4e8.1). Social mobility was associated with NODM in men. Compared to the high-stable trajectory, downward had greater associations than upward mobility. In women, when considering metabolic syndromeerelated variables, changes in social hierarchy did not seem to have an influence on their risk of diabetes. Conclusions: Accumulation of risk and social mobility were associated with NODM with gender-specific patterns, suggesting differences in mechanisms connecting life-course socioeconomic position and diabetes in men and women

Quality of birth care in maternity hospitals of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade da atenção durante o processo de trabalho de parto de acordo com normas da Organização Mundial de Saúde. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo do tipo caso-controle, realizado em duas maternidades: pública e conveniada com o Sistema Único de Saúde, no Município do Rio de Janeiro. A amostra foi composta por 461 mulheres na maternidade pública (230 partos vaginais e 231 cesáreas) e por 448 mulheres na maternidade conveniada (224 partos vaginais e 224 cesáreas). De outubro de 1998 a março de 1999, foram realizadas entrevistas com puérperas e revisão de prontuários. Foi construído escore sumarizador da qualidade do atendimento. RESULTADOS: Observou-se baixa freqüência de algumas práticas que devem ser encorajadas, como presença de acompanhante (1% na maternidade conveniada, em ambos os tipos de parto), deambulação durante o trabalho de parto (9,6% das cesáreas na maternidade pública e 9,9% dos partos vaginais na conveniada) e aleitamento na sala de parto (6,9% das cesáreas na maternidade pública e 8,0% das cesáreas na conveniada). Práticas comprovadamente danosas e que devem ser eliminadas como uso de enema (38,4%), tricotomia, hidratação venosa de rotina (88,8%), uso rotineiro de ocitocina (64,4%), restrição ao leito durante o trabalho de parto (90,1%) e posição de litotomia (98,7%) para parto vaginal apresentaram alta freqüência. Os melhores resultados do escore sumarizador foram obtidos na maternidade pública. CONCLUSÕES: As duas maternidades apresentam freqüência elevada de intervenções durante a assistência ao parto. A maternidade pública, apesar de atender clientela com maior risco gestacional, apresenta perfil menos intervencionista que maternidade conveniada. Procedimentos realizados de maneira rotineira merecem ser discutidos à luz de evidências de seus benefícios

Cesarean sections : who wants them and under what circumstances?

O Brasil apresenta altos índices de cesáreas. Este estudo investigou a existência de uma "cultura de cesárea", ou preferência por este tipo de parto, através de uma amostra de 909 puérperas (454 vaginais e 455 cesáreos) em duas maternidades do Município do Rio de Janeiro, onde entrevistas e revisão de prontuários foram realizados entre setembro de 1998 e março de 1999. Perguntou-se às mulheres se queriam que seu parto fosse cesáreo e a maioria absoluta (75,5%) respondeu "não", as razões principais sendo: "recuperação mais difícil e lenta no parto cesáreo" (39,2%) e "dor e sofrimento maior depois da cesárea" (26,8%). Apenas 17% das mulheres solicitaram cesárea e, destas, cerca de 75% o fizeram durante o trabalho de parto/parto. Análise mostrou que quanto maior o intervalo de tempo entre a admissão no hospital e o parto, mais freqüente é a solicitação. A maioria das mulheres, nas maternidades estudadas, não quer e não pede cesárea; ou seja, não existe uma cultura feminina que valorize a cesárea como preferência. Além do desejo da laqueadura, as circunstâncias concretas da assistência no pré-parto/parto parecem influenciar no pedido da mulher. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTBrazil has extremely high cesarean rates. Among related factors, it has been suggested that a "culture of cesarean childbirth" (or a preference for this type of delivery) exists among Brazilian women. Our study investigates this notion. Data were collected from September 1998 to March 1999 in two maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro Interviews were conducted and hospital records analyzed for a random representative sample of 909 women who had just given birth (454 vaginal deliveries and 455 cesareans). In the interviews, when asked if they had wanted to have a cesarean, 75.5% replied in the negative, thus indicating that these women cannot be considered as adhering to a "culture of cesarean sections" The main complaints against cesareans were: slower and more difficult recovery (39.2%) and greater pain and suffering (26.8%). However, 17% of the sample had at some point requested a cesarean, 75% of whom during labor. Analysis revealed that the request for a cesarean section is directly proportional to time between admission to the hospital and delivery. This suggests that (in addition to being the usual means of access to tubal ligation) the actual circumstances of birthing are important factors in Brazilian women s requests for cesarean sections

Influencia de fatores psicossociais na cessacao do tabagismo: evidencias longitudinais no Estudo Pro-Saude

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the incidence of smoking cessation and its association with psychosocial factors. METHODS Data came from three consecutive waves of the Pro-Saude Study, a longitudinal study of non-faculty civil servants working at a university in Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil. Inclusion criteria were having participated in Phases 1 and 3 and being a smoker at baseline (Phase 1 – 1999). Those who had stopped smoking less than a year before the follow-up (Phase 3 – 2007) were excluded. The final study population consisted of 661 employees (78% of those eligible). Relative risks (RR) of smoking cessation were evaluated through Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS The cumulative incidence of smoking cessation in eight years of follow-up was 27.7%. Among the psychosocial factors evaluated in the multivariate analysis, only lack of experience of physical violence was associated with higher smoking cessation (RR = 1.67, 95%CI 1.09;2.55). CONCLUSIONS The incidence of smoking cessation was high, and the fact that associations were not found with most factors evaluated suggests that much of the effect found is due to the impact of public policies implemented in Brazil over the past decades. The association between no exposure to violence and higher incidence of smoking cessation draws attention to the importance of this factor in tobacco control policies.OBJETIVO Analizar la incidencia de la suspensión del tabaquismo y su asociación con factores psicosociales. MÉTODOS En estudio de cohorte, bajo el punto de vista longitudinal, se analizaron datos de tres fases consecutivas del Estudio Pro-Salud entre funcionarios técnicos-administrativos de una universidad en Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Los criterios de inclusión fueron haber participado en las Fases 1 y 3 y ser fumador en la línea de base (Fase 1 – 1999). Se excluyeron individuos que, en el seguimiento (Fase 3 – 2007), habían dejado de fumar hace menos de un año. La población final de estudio estuvo compuesta por 661 funcionarios (78% de los elegibles). Los riesgos relativos (RR) de la suspensión del tabaquismo fueron evaluados por el modelo de regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta. RESULTADOS La incidencia acumulada por la suspensión del hábito de fumar en ocho años de seguimiento fue de 27,7%. Entre los factores psicosociales evaluados, ausencia de experiencia de violencia física se presentó asociada a la mayor suspensión de tabaquismo en el análisis multivariado (RR= 1,67; IC95% 1,09;2,55). CONCLUSIONES La incidencia de suspensión de tabaquismo fue alta y el hecho de no haberse encontrado asociaciones con la mayoría de los factores evaluados sugiere que gran parte del efecto encontrado sea decurrente del impacto relativamente homogéneo de las políticas públicas implementadas en Brasil en las últimas décadas. La asociación encontrada entre ausencia de exposición a la violencia y mayor incidencia de interrupción de tabaquismo señala la importancia de éste factor en las políticas de control del tabaquismo.OBJETIVO Analisar a incidência de cessação de tabagismo e sua associação com fatores psicossociais. MÉTODOS Foram analisados dados de três fases consecutivas do Estudo Pró-Saúde, estudo longitudinal entre funcionários técnico-administrativos de uma universidade no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Os critérios de inclusão foram ter participado das Fases 1 e 3 e ser fumante na linha de base (Fase 1 – 1999). Foram excluídos indivíduos que, no seguimento (Fase 3 – 2007), tinham parado de fumar há menos de um ano. A população final de estudo foi composta de 661 funcionários (78% dos elegíveis). Os riscos relativos (RR) da cessação do tabagismo foram avaliados pelo modelo de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. RESULTADOS A incidência acumulada de cessação do fumo em oito anos de seguimento foi de 27,7%. Entre os fatores psicossociais avaliados, ausência de experiência de violência física apresentou-se associada à maior cessação de tabagismo na análise multivariada (RR = 1,67; IC95% 1,09;2,55). CONCLUSÕES A incidência de cessação de tabagismo foi alta, e o fato de não terem sido encontradas associações com a maioria dos fatores avaliados sugere que grande parte do efeito encontrado seja decorrente do impacto relativamente homogêneo das políticas públicas implementadas no Brasil nas últimas décadas. A associação encontrada entre ausência de exposição à violência e maior incidência de cessação de tabagismo aponta para a importância desse fator nas políticas de controle do tabagismo

Common mental disorders and sociodemographic characteristics: baseline findings of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

Introduction: the patients admitted to the Crisis Intervention Unit (UIC) have not been characterized in the "Luis Ramírez López" Provincial Psychiatric Hospital of the Guantánamo province.Objective: to characterize hospital admissions in said unit in the period 2015-2017.Method: a descriptive and retrospective study of the patients admitted to this unit was carried out (n=538). The variables were studied: age, sex, origin, diagnosis and stay.Results: the highest proportion of admitted patients was between 18 and 23 years old (21.9%), they were female (53.9%), they came from the Guantanamo municipality (42.0%), the most frequent diagnosis was Depressive adjustment disorder (27.9%) and 66.4% had a hospital stay of less than 7 days.Conclusions: Patients in the productive stage of life were admitted to the Crisis Intervention Unit, especially women with depressive disorders, which shows the social relevance of their study.Introducción: en el Hospital Psiquiátrico Provincial "Luis Ramírez López" de la provincia Guantánamo no se han caracterizado los pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Intervención en Crisis (UIC).Objetivo: caracterizar las admisiones hospitalarias en la citada unidad en el periodo comprendido 2015-2017.Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo de los pacientes que ingresaron en esta unidad (n=538). Se estudiaron las variables: edad, sexo, procedencia, diagnóstico y estadía.Resultados: la mayor proporción de los pacientes admitidos tenía entre 18 y 23 años (21,9 %), eran del sexo femenino (53,9 %), procedieron del municipio Guantánamo (42,0 %), el diagnóstico más frecuente fue el trastorno de adaptación depresivo (27,9 %) y el 66,4 % tuvo una estadía hospitalaria menor de 7 días.Conclusiones: en la Unidad de Intervención en Crisis se admitieron pacientes en la etapa productiva de la vida, sobre todo mujeres con trastornos depresivos, lo que muestra la pertinencia social de su estudio.Introdução: os pacientes admitidos na Unidade de Intervenção de Crise (UIC) não foram caracterizados no Hospital Psiquiátrico Provincial "Luis Ramírez López" da Província de Guantánamo.Objetivo: caracterizar internações hospitalares na referida unidade no período 2015-2017.Método: estudo descritivo e retrospectivo dos pacientes admitidos nesta unidade (n=538). As variáveis foram estudadas: idade, sexo, origem, diagnóstico e permanência.Resultados: a maior proporção de pacientes internados foi entre 18 e 23 anos (21,9%), eram do sexo feminino (53,9%), procedentes do município de Guantánamo (42,0%), o diagnóstico mais frequente foi Transtorno de ajuste depressivo (27,9%) e 66,4% tiveram internação hospitalar inferior a 7 dias.Conclusões: pacientes em estágio produtivo de vida foram admitidos na Unidade de Intervenção à Crise, especialmente mulheres com transtornos depressivos, o que mostra a relevância social de seu estudo

Multinomial model and zero-inflated gamma model to study time spent on leisure time physical activity: an example of ELSA-Brasil

OBJECTIVE To compare two methodological approaches: the multinomial model and the zero-inflated gamma model, evaluating the factors associated with the practice and amount of time spent on leisure time physical activity. METHODS Data collected from 14,823 baseline participants in the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil – Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto ) have been analysed. Regular leisure time physical activity has been measured using the leisure time physical activity module of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The explanatory variables considered were gender, age, education level, and annual per capita family income. RESULTS The main advantage of the zero-inflated gamma model over the multinomial model is that it estimates mean time (minutes per week) spent on leisure time physical activity. For example, on average, men spent 28 minutes/week longer on leisure time physical activity than women did. The most sedentary groups were young women with low education level and income CONCLUSIONS The zero-inflated gamma model, which is rarely used in epidemiological studies, can give more appropriate answers in several situations. In our case, we have obtained important information on the main determinants of the duration of leisure time physical activity. This information can help guide efforts towards the most vulnerable groups since physical inactivity is associated with different diseases and even premature death

Sex differences in the association between self-reported sleep duration, insomnia symptoms and cardiometabolic risk factors : cross-sectional findings from Brazilian longitudinal study of adult health

Background: The U-shaped associations between sleep durations and cardiometabolic risk factors (glycated hemoglobin levels, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension and cholesterol levels) are still inconclusive. Moreover, as sleep is comprised of quantitative and qualitative aspects, exploring both insomnia symptoms and sleep duration are relevant when evaluating the potential effects of sleep problems on health. The aim was to evaluate sex-specific associations between sleep problems and cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from wave two of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), including 7491 women and 6232 men. Questionnaires were administered to provide information about socioeconomic conditions, lifestyle, and sleep characteristics. A 12-h fasting blood sample was drawn to measure serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and glycated hemoglobin. Blood pressure, weight and height were also measured using standard equipment. Generalized additive models were used to evaluate the curve shape of the relationship between self-reported sleep duration and the outcomes. Logistic regression was performed to investigate the magnitude of the associations of self-reported sleep duration, insomnia symptoms, and short sleep plus insomnia symptoms with cardiometabolic risk factors. Results: For women, self-reported sleep duration and insomnia symptoms (either separately or linked to short sleep duration) were associated with obesity, hypertension and glycated hemoglobin after adjusting for the confounders. The magnitudes of the associations between self-reported short sleep duration plus insomnia symptoms and the outcomes were slightly increased, considering sleep duration or insomnia symptoms separately. For men, both long sleep duration and insomnia symptoms were associated with hypertriglyceridemia after adjusted for the confounders. Conclusion: These findings suggest possible sex-specific patterns, since obesity, hypertension and high glycated hemoglobin were associated with self-reported sleep duration and insomnia symptoms in women, but not in men, and reinforce the importance of considering quantitative and qualitative aspects of sleep for the prevention and management of the outcomes