Many languages, whither literacy? Understanding the ontology of reading in linguistically-diverse contexts

The reading experience of those who are literate in more than one language is highly complex. This makes the reading experience a phenomenon that is not easily understood. Yet, in Malaysia’s education policy, reading goals are subsumed under language learning goals. Such implicit ways of assuming that literacy occurs through language learning not only overlooks any impact language learning may have on literacy practice but also undermines the fact that learning to read in a language is ontologically different from reading through all or any language. This paper discusses a part of an in-depth qualitative study which scrutinized the reading experiences of eight multiliterate Malaysian undergraduates studying in a British university in order to understand the difference between being literate in many languages and choosing to read through any one language. The contrast between multilingual Malaysia and monolingual England formed an important backdrop. In this study, the phenomenological interview and diary-writing were used as research methods to capture the participants’ past reading experience as Malaysian school students and as British university undergraduates. Phenomenographic analysis and discourse analysis were used to analyse the data. Findings from this study suggest that multilingual readers experience “language-ness” because of the specificities of multiple language learning. The phenomenon of language-ness then go on to influence the habituation and sustenance of reading choice across different languages. This paper suggests that as linguistically-diverse countries forge ahead to maintain its citizens’ linguistic abilities, they must not forget that linguistic capital alone cannot shape a nation. Semiotic capital which relates to meaning-making is also critical in shaping an informed nation. This study has important implications towards contemporary discourse about Literacies, language and the reading experience

Making Critical Connections: How to Apply the Analytic Guiding Frame (AGF) and Overall Guiding Frame (OGF) in Qualitative Data Analysis

Qualitative researchers often find data analysis to be challenging, thus resulting in a process of seeking out and conforming to ready-made analytical methods to substantiate the analyses. However, ready-made analytical methods do not necessarily fully fit with all or any data; instead qualitative methodologies and analysis require adaptations. In this paper, a practical 4-step analytic approach that applies a 2-part framework is proposed. The Analytic Guiding Frame (AGF) and Overall Guiding Frame (OGF) form a practical and theoretical platform for complicated analytic processes to occur. In this paper I describe how use of this approach enables qualitative researchers to make critically reflexive connections through an interrogation of their methodological and analytic decisions. Additionally, the audit trail that this approach provides helps justify the occurrence of an analytic shift

A Practical Application of Analytic Guiding Frame (AGF) and Overall Guiding Frame (OGF): An Illustration from Literacy Education

This paper illustrates how the Analytic Guiding Frame (AGF) and the Overall Guiding Frame (OGF) are applied when analytic shifts occur in qualitative data analysis. Analytic shifts mainly occur when a proposed analytical method is found to be not fully amenable for analysis because of the contextually-bound nature of qualitative data. In this paper, the illustration located in the field of literacy education revolves around how a methodological and analytical problem was confronted during the fieldwork/analysis stage of research and how analytic negotiations were made with the help of the AGF/OGF framework. From here, it is proposed that much more consideration on matters of epistemology, methodology, research objective and research questions in qualitative research must be made when the iterative process of qualitative data analysis takes place

A High Rate Pixelated Neutron Detector for Neutron Reflectometry at the Spallation Neutron Source

This work presents the development of a high-rate 6Li-based pixelated neutron detector for neutron reflectometry instruments at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The current detector technology falls short on the instrument requirements, particularly on the counting rate capability. This detector was designed specifically to overcome the limitation in counting rate by having a fully pixelated design from neutron conversion layer to photodetector and readout system. For the neutron converting layer, a 6Li-based neutron scintillator was used. Each scintillator element was coupled to a photodetector, in this case, a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM). The output of each SiPM was read out independently. This design has been demonstrated to have a significantly higher rate capability compared to other charge-sharing designs due to the fact that each pixel is fully functional on its own, without relying on adjacent pixels. An experimental prototype was constructed and characterized using various standardized tests such as counting rate, neutron detection efficiency, spatial resolution, γ sensitivity, crosstalk, and uniformity. Lastly, neutron reflectivity experiments were conducted using the detector prototype to demonstrate the performance and capability of the detector in practice

Nanowire Photoelectrochemistry.

Recent applications of photoelectrochemistry at the semiconductor/liquid interface provide a renewable route of mimicking natural photosynthesis and yielding chemicals from sunlight, water, and air. Nanowires, defined as one-dimensional nanostructures, exhibit multiple unique features for photoelectrochemical applications and promise better performance as compared to their bulk counterparts. This article reviews the use of semiconductor nanowires in photoelectrochemistry. After introducing fundamental concepts essential to understanding nanowires and photoelectrochemistry, the review considers answers to the following questions: (1) How can we interface semiconductor nanowires with other building blocks for enhanced photoelectrochemical responses? (2) How are nanowires utilized for photoelectrochemical half reactions? (3) What are the techniques that allow us to obtain fundamental insights of photoelectrochemistry at single-nanowire level? (4) What are the design strategies for an integrated nanosystem that mimics a closed cycle in artificial photosynthesis? This framework should help readers evaluate the salient features of nanowires for photoelectrochemical applications, promoting the sustainable development of solar-powered chemical plants that will benefit our society in the long run

Improper hydration induces global gene expression changes associated with renal development in infant mice

Abstract Background The kidney is a major organ in which fluid balance and waste excretion is regulated. For the kidney to achieve maturity with functions, normal renal developmental processes need to occur. Comprehensive genetic programs underlying renal development during the prenatal period have been widely studied. However, postnatal renal development, from infancy to the juvenile period, has not been studied yet. Here, we investigated whether structural and functional kidney development was still ongoing in early life by analyzing the renal transcriptional networks of infant (4 weeks old) and juvenile (7 weeks old) mice. We further examined the effects of dehydration on kidney development to unravel the mechanistic bases underlying deteriorative impact of pediatric dehydration on renal development. Methods 3-week-old infant mice that just finished weaning period were provided limited access to a water for fifteen minutes per day for one week (RES 1W) and four weeks (RES 4W) to induce dehydration while control group consumed water ad libitum with free access to the water bottle. Transcriptome analysis was conducted to understand physiological changes during postnatal renal development and dehydration. Results Kidneys in 4-week- and 7-week-old mice showed significantly distinctive functional gene networks. Gene sets related to cell cycle regulators, fetal kidney patterning molecules, and immature basement membrane integrity were upregulated in infantile kidneys while heightened expressions of genes associated with ion transport and drug metabolism were observed in juvenile kidneys. Dehydration during infancy suppressed renal growth by interrupting the SHH signaling pathway, which targets cell cycle regulators. Importantly, it is likely that disruption of the developmental program ultimately led to a decline in gene expression associated with basement membrane integrity. Conclusions Altogether, we demonstrate transcriptional events during renal development in infancy and show that the impacts of inadequate water intake in the early postnatal state heavily rely on the impairment of normal renal development. Here, we provide a meaningful perspective of renal development in infancy with a molecular and physiological explanation of why infants are more vulnerable to dehydration than adults. These results provide new insights into the molecular effects of dehydration on renal physiology and indicate that optimal nutritional interventions are necessary for pediatric renal development

The Attitudes of Primary Teacher Education Program Students Towards Utilizing Flipgrid in English Speaking Skill

This research was aimed at investigating the students’ attitudes of primary teacher education program (PTEP) towards utilizing Flipgrid in enhancing English speaking skill. The participants of this research were 60 students of PTEP in one of Muhammadiyah Universities located in Jakarta who attended an English course. The research used a mixed method to collect the quantitative and qualitative data to analyze. Thus, the instruments used were observation, questionnaire and semi-structure interview. The result showed that most of the students agreed to use Flipgrid in learning English speaking skill as this app had benefits and could motivate the students to practice speaking better as well as increased the students’ confidence. It is thus recommended that lecturers should be encouraged to use Flipgrid in English learning activity, mainly in speaking skill to boost the students to be more active to create videos and engage in interactions with lecturers and classmates mediated with video discussion forum.