Opportunistic Communications in WSN Using UAV

International audienceThis paper studies the opportunistic routing (OR) in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) assisted wireless sensor networks (WSNs). We consider the scenario where a UAV collects data from randomly deployed mobile sensors that are moving with different velocities along a predefined route. Due to the dynamic topology, mobile sensors have different opportunities to communicate with the UAV. This paper proposes the All Neighbors Opportunistic Routing (ANOR) and Highest Velocity Opportunistic Routing (HVOR) protocols. In essence, ANOR forwards packets to all neighbors and HVOR forwards them to one neighbor with highest velocity. HVOR is a new OR protocol which dynamically selects route on a pre-transmission basis in multi-hop network. HVOR helps the sensor which has little opportunity to communicate with the UAV to determine which sensor, among all the sensors that are within its range, is the forwarder. The selected node forwards the packet. As a result, in each hop, the packet moves to the sensor that has higher opportunity to communicate with the UAV. In addition, we focus on various performance metrics, including Packets Delivery Ratio (PDR), Routing Overhead Ratio (ROR), Average Latency (AL) and Average Hop Count (AHC), to evaluate the proposed algorithms and compare them with a Direct Communication (DC) protocol. Through extensive simulations, we have shown that both HVOR and ANOR algorithms work better than DC. Moreover, the HVOR algorithm outperforms the other two algorithms in terms of the average overhead

Micro-scratching tests of a rolled aluminium alloy AA2024-T351 thick plate using a diamond micro-blade

International audienceThe present research work is focused on investigating the apparent coefficient of abrasive friction of a rolled thick plate of an AA2024-T351 aluminium alloy, using micro-scratch tests. For this study, specific materials specimens and a particular UMT Micro-Scratch Equipment were used. The test involved the generation of a scratch process at a local scale using a diamond stylus (micro-blade defined by a radius of 0.8 μm) moving along a specified path under a constant normal force (10 N) and with a constant speed (0.2 mm/s). For the characterization of the surface quality, two orthogonal directions were considered: the longitudinal one, along the rolling direction, and the corresponding transversal one. Given the fractal nature of the surface, an investigation was done in order to assess its influence on the coefficient of abrasive friction. The fractal dimension Df, one of the most important parameters in a fractal surface analysis, was used to determine this influence in the global friction and abrasion phenomena. The abrasion factor was calculated using the Zum Gahr method for the data obtained with a specialized Mitutoyo SJ-301 surface tester. Measurements were made at the beginning, middle and at the end of the scratch channel. The obtained value for the abrasion factor was slightly less than zero. Other influences of anisotropic material features on global abrasion effects were also analyzed via comparisons of the coefficients of abrasive friction for both static and kinematic conditions

Experimental prediction of creep area and static friction between brass material and cow skin

In this current study, a twist static frictional behavior was experimentally studied by using different shapes of an indenter tip (circular, square, and triangular cross sectional area) all are made from brass and applied load (1 and 2 N). The creep area and the static coefficient of friction between cow skin and tips were recorded at times (1, 2, 3, and 4 minutes). The gained experimental results showed that the creep area and the coefficient of friction of cow skin increased as the time increased for both applied loads. The circular shape has maximum creep area while the twist static coefficient of friction was minimum compared to that produced by the others shapes