ハワイの沖縄系労働運動・政治活動家たち : 20世紀中庸の人種、エスニシティ、階級、そして社会運動

21世紀を生きるハワイの住民は概して他のアメリカ国民よりも優れた市民権と労働権を享受している。これらの権利がどのように獲得されたかということについて、社会的には二つの説明の仕方が定着している。一つは多民族的労働組合主義を基盤とした組織化に成功した労働運動によるものとしての説明である。二つ目は、以前の民主党支持者、労働組合、そして特に第二次世界大戦に従軍し多大な犠牲を払った日系退役軍人たちが共闘しながら社会で政策決定過程における平等を要求し、半世紀にもわたる共和党支配をひっくり返した「民主党革命」によるものとしての説明である。いずれにおいても、沖縄人と沖縄アイデンティティは一般的日本人の括りの中に埋没し、評価されることはなかった。また、一方では、一般的沖縄人は、経済的、社会的成功を勝ち取るべく起業家精神にあふれ、民族的連携を図り、ハワイ農業で苦役に従事する一世として説明される。公文資料と口述史料を基に、本稿では沖縄人が起業家としてではなく社会の活動家として果たした役割を強調したい。特に人口統計学的要素や社会史的要素がどのように活動家としての役割を後押ししたのかを明らかにする。結論として、言祝がれ流布するハワイにおける沖縄人の「立身出世話」とハワイ社会における沖縄人共同体の将来の方向性について再検討を促す

New patterns in the garment industry : state intervention, women and work in Hawaii

Typescript.Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1989.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 243-254)Microfiche.xii, 254 leaves, bound ill. 29 c

PGC-1α mediates mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation to promote metastasis

Cancer cells can divert metabolites into anabolic pathways to support their rapid proliferation and to accumulate the cellular building blocks required for tumor growth. However, the specific bioenergetic profile of invasive and metastatic cancer cells is unknown. Here we report that migratory/invasive cancer cells specifically favor mitochondrial respiration and increased ATP production. Invasive cancer cells use transcription co-activator, PGC-1α to enhance oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial biogenesis and oxygen consumption rate. Clinical analysis of human invasive breast cancers revealed a strong correlation between PGC-1α expression in invasive cancer cells and formation of distant metastases. Silencing of PGC-1α in cancer cells suspended their invasive potential and attenuated metastasis without affecting proliferation, primary tumor growth or epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) program. While inherent genetics of cancer cells determine the transcriptome framework required for invasion and metastasis, mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration induced by PGC-1α is also essential for functional motility of cancer cells and metastasis

Multiple trans QTL and one cis-regulatory deletion are associated with the differential expression of cone opsins in African cichlids

Abstract Background Dissecting the genetic basis of phenotypic diversity is one of the fundamental goals in evolutionary biology. Despite growing evidence for gene expression divergence being responsible for the evolution of complex traits, knowledge about the proximate genetic causes underlying these traits is still limited. African cichlids have diverse visual systems, with different species expressing different combinations of seven cone opsin genes. Using opsin expression variation in African cichlids as a model for gene expression evolution, this study aims to investigate the genetic architecture of opsin expression divergence in this group. Results Results from a genome-wide linkage mapping on the F2 progeny of an intergeneric cross, between two species with differential opsin expression show that opsins in Lake Malawi cichlids are controlled by multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Most of these QTLs are located in trans to the opsins except for one cis-QTL for SWS1 on LG17. A closer look at this major QTL revealed the presence of a 691 bp deletion in the promoter of the SWS1 opsin (located 751 bp upstream of the start site) that is associated with a decrease in its expression. Phylogenetic footprinting indicates that the region spanning the deletion harbors a microRNA miR-729 and a conserved non-coding element (CNE) that also occurs in zebrafish and other teleosts. This suggests that the deletion might contain ancestrally preserved regulators that have been tuned for SWS1 gene expression in Lake Malawi. While this deletion is not common, it does occur in several other species within the lake. Conclusions Differential expression of cichlid opsins is associated with multiple overlapping QTL, with all but one in trans to the opsins they regulate. The one cis-acting factor is a deletion in the promoter of the SWS1 opsin, suggesting that ancestral polymorphic deletions may contribute to cichlid’s visual diversity. In addition to expanding our understanding of the molecular landscape of opsin expression in African cichlids, this study sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underlying phenotypic variation in natural populations