The grapevine (Vitis vinifera) LysM receptor kinases VvLYK1-1 and VvLYK1-2 mediate chitooligosaccharide-triggered immunity

Chitin, a major component of fungal cell walls, is a well-known pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that triggers defense responses in several mammal and plant species. Here, we show that two chitooligosaccharides, chitin and chitosan, act as PAMPs in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) as they elicit immune signalling events, defense gene expression and resistance against fungal diseases. To identify their cognate receptors, the grapevine family of LysM receptor kinases (LysM-RKs) was annotated and their gene expression profiles were characterized. Phylogenetic analysis clearly distinguished three V. vinifera LysM-RKs (VvLYKs) located in the same clade as the Arabidopsis CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (AtCERK1), which mediates chitin-induced immune responses. The Arabidopsis mutant Atcerk1, impaired in chitin perception, was transformed with these three putative orthologous genes encoding VvLYK1-1, -2, or -3 to determine if they would complement the loss of AtCERK1 function. Our results provide evidence that VvLYK1-1 and VvLYK1-2, but not VvLYK1-3, functionally complement the Atcerk1 mutant by restoring chitooligosaccharide-induced MAPK activation and immune gene expression. Moreover, expression of VvLYK1-1 in Atcerk1 restored penetration resistance to the non-adapted grapevine powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator). On the whole, our results indicate that the grapevine VvLYK1-1 and VvLYK1-2 participate in chitin- and chitosan-triggered immunity and that VvLYK1-1 plays an important role in basal resistance against E. necator

Les réactions d'halogénation atomiques. Etude du couple C2Cl4-C2Cl5H. Réactions de compétition

Doctorat en Sciencesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Photochlorination of chloroform [35]

SCOPUS: le.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

La Specificite des Halogenations Atomiques VII. La photochloruration du chloroforme

The photochemical reaction between Cl2 and CHCl3 has been studied. The experimental rate equation can be explained from the general scheme previously proposed and yields two relations between elementary rate constants. Further two relations are obtained from the competition reaction in a mixture of Cl2, CHCl3 and C2Cl4: (Formula Presented.) Arguments are given to reject a mechanism of the Rollefson type. The chain breaking step previously proposed by Schumacher is in contradiction with the experimental results. Copyright © 1958 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, WeinheimSCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

La Specificite des Halogenations Atomiques VII. La photochloruration du chloroforme

The photochemical reaction between Cl2 and CHCl3 has been studied. The experimental rate equation can be explained from the general scheme previously proposed and yields two relations between elementary rate constants. Further two relations are obtained from the competition reaction in a mixture of Cl2, CHCl3 and C2Cl4: (Formula Presented.) Arguments are given to reject a mechanism of the Rollefson type. The chain breaking step previously proposed by Schumacher is in contradiction with the experimental results. Copyright © 1958 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, WeinheimSCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Competitive chlorination–dehydrochlorination of 1,1,1,2‐C2H2Cl4

The competitive photochlorination and chlorine photosensitized dehydrochlorination of 1,1,1,2‐C2H2Cl4 have been studied over the temperature range of 349.4–404.5 K after less than 1% conversion. The results are discussed and a value of (Formula Presented.) is proposed for the reaction (Formula Presented.) This result, combined with existing thermochemical data, indicates that there is no evidence of an activation energy for the addition of a Cl atom on the most chlorinated carbon in trichloroethylene: in that case the selectivity of the addition of Cl on the less chlorinated carbon should not depend on temperature. Copyright © 1979 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.SCOPUS: ar.jFLWNAinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

La spécificité des halogénations atomiques. VI. Réactions de compétition

The photochemical reaction between gaseous Cl2, C2Cl4 and C2Cl5H has been further investigated. From the general reaction scheme previously proposed equations have been calculated and tested experimentally for the rate of the reaction Cl2 + C2Cl5H → C2Cl6 + HCl yielding 2 relations between rate constants; the total rate of disappearance of Cl2 in mixtures of C2Cl4 + C2Cl5 H; the competition addition‐substitution; the competition substitution‐dehydrohalogenation; the competition dehydrohalogenation‐addition; With the previously studied relations for; the rate of addition at low temperatures; the rate of addition at high temperatures; the rate of dehydrohalogenation; relations are now available between 6 rate constants. But since these relationships are not independent, complex rate constants can be determined only e. g. for the four independent combinations. (Formula Presented.) Since 9 rate equations are available each of these complexe rate constants has been determined by at least 2 independent methods yielding thus a very reliable proof of the mechanism. Copyright © 1957 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, WeinheimSCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Discussion of the mechanism of free‐radical pyrolyses of chloroethanes

The mechanism usually proposed for the pyrolysis of 1,2‐C2H4Cl2 is discussed in terms of existing data on elementary rate constants and using the value (Formula Presented.) measured in this work for the rate constant of the reaction (Formula Presented.) This discussion is extended to the free‐radical pyrolysis of other chlorinated ethanes using recent literature data. The usual Rice‐Herzfeld mechanism is questioned in view of the discrepancy between experimental results and values predicted from the knowledge of elementary rate constants of this mechanism. Copyright © 1972 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, WeinheimSCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Atomic chlorination of simple hydrocarbon derivatives in the gas phase

SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe