Adapting the behavioral regulation in active commuting to and from school questionnaire in Sweden: BR-ACS(SWE)

This work was supported by Vinnova, Sweden innovation agency [grant number 2018-04174]. In addition, Rafael Burgue˜no was partic- ularly supported by a Margarita Salas postdoctoral fellowship (grant number: RR_A_2021_02) from the Spanish Ministry of Universities.Although growing attention has been paid to motivation in explaining active travel to school among young people at the international level, no measures of motivation for active commuting to school (ACS) were found in Sweden. Guided by self-determination theory, this research aimed to adapt the Behavioral Regulation in Active Commuting to and from School (BR-ACS) questionnaire to the Swedish context and test the resulting version’s psychometric properties. The purposive and cross-sectional sample included 273 students (58 % girls, aged 10–12 years) from four Swedish urban schools. Results from confirmatory factor analyses psychometrically supported the six-factor correlated model (intrinsic motivation, integrated regulation, identified regulation, introjected regulation, external regulation, and amotivation) and the hierarchical three-factor model (autonomous, controlled motivation, and amotivation), which were invariant across gender. Latent correlations underpinned a symplex-like pattern. Discriminant and convergent validity and reliability were gathered. Criterion validity evidence was met with positive associations from intrinsic motivation, integrated and identified regulation to ACS, and a negative relationship between amotivation and ACS. The Swedish version of the BR-ACS questionnaire is a valid and reliable measure of children’s motivation toward ACS.Vinnova, Sweden innovation agency 2018-04174Spanish Ministry of Universities RR_A_2021_

Spatial patterns of tourist accommodation location through complementary and integrated analyses: GIS, space syntax and web–scraping

El turismo urbano es una importante actividad para las ciudades en la actualidad. Es responsable de la transformación y especialización de múltiples áreas urbanas a nivel mundial, lo que no está exento de problemas. Las investigaciones al respecto se han producido sobre grandes ciudades, existiendo un vacío de conocimiento sobre categorías urbanas inferiores. El alojamiento es la infraestructura básica que lo soporta, constituyendo su localización un indicador de idoneidad turística. El objeto del trabajo consiste en conocer qué factores ambientales y en qué medida respaldan la elección de alojamiento turístico según su localización. Para ello se geocodifican los alojamientos estudiados, se mapean factores de influencia y se realizan análisis espaciales y de proximidad. Posteriormente se comprueba estadísticamente la relación entre factores ambientales y evaluaciones web post-compra de viajeros. Los resultados muestran cómo el turismo urbano se distribuye espacialmente respondiendo a patrones relacionados con los usos del suelo y la cercanía a las atracciones turísticas. Se evidencia un ejemplo de estructura turística propia de ciudades medias constituida por ubicaciones de alojamientos bien valoradas próximas a concentraciones turísticas patrimoniales localizadas en el centro histórico. Los resultados pueden ser útiles a la inversión privada y a la planificación para mejorar estas ciudades.Urban tourism is an important activity in cities today. It is responsible for the transformation and specialization of multiple urban areas around the world, which is not without problems. Research on it has only been carried out on large cities, with a knowledge gap in relation to lower-scale urban categories. Accommodation is the basic infrastructure that supports it, its location being an indicator of tourist suitability. The aim of this work is to know which environmental factors and to what extent they support the choice of accommodation according to its location. For this purpose, the studied accommodations are geocoded, influencing factors are mapped, and spatial and proximity analyses are carried out. Subsequently, the correlation between environmental factors and travellers' post-purchase web evaluations is statistically verified. The results show how urban tourism is spatially distributed according to patterns based on land use and proximity to tourist attractions. There is evidence of a typical tourist structure of medium-sized cities made up of well-valued accommodation locations close to heritage tourist concentrations located within the historic centre. The results can be useful for private investment and planning to improve these cities

Do physical activity and trip characteristics differ when commuting to and from school?: The PACO study

Purpose: To determine whether trip characteristics (i.e., length, duration, and speed) and physical activity (PA) (i. e., light PA [LPA], moderate-to-vigorous PA [MVPA], and PA energy expenditure [PAEE]) differ by trip direction (i.e., home-school and school-home trips), and to examine differences in trips characteristics and PA levels between modes of commuting (walking, multimodal, and motorized-vehicle). Methods: 181 adolescents wore a belt on their hip with an accelerometer and a GPS. The HABITUS and PALMSplusR softwares were used to combine accelerometer and GPS data and identify trip characteristics and PA levels during home-school and school-home trips. Mixed model analysis was used to examine the differences in trip characteristics and PA levels between the trip directions and across modes of commuting. Results: The percentage of school-home walking trips was higher (54.4% vs 46.9%) and had longer duration than the home-school walking trips (p < 0.01). In contrast, multimodal and vehicle trips had a longer duration during the home-school direction than the school-home direction (p < 0.01). Regarding PA levels, the school-home direction presented higher LPA during walking trips (p < 0.01), but lower MVPA (p < 0.01), compared to the home-school direction. Walking trips presented higher MVPA and PAEE than multimodal and motorized-vehicle in both directions, but smaller LPA minutes in home-school direction than multimodal and motorized-vehicle (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The percentage of walking trips, the characteristics of the trips, and PA levels during school-home direction differed from home-school direction. In addition, walking trips were associated with higher MVPA levels and PAEE in both directions compare to multimodal or motorized-vehicle.Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and CompetitivenessThe European Regional Development Fund (DEP2016-75598-R)The European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) / Regional Ministry of Economic Transformation, Industry, Knowledge and Universities of Andalusia (B-CTS-160-UGR20),MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Union "ERDF A way of making Europe" (PID2021-126126OA-I00)Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and UniversitiesBiomedicine Doctoral Studies program of the University of Granada, Spai

bservation of the Physical Education teacher: a health classroom research

El objetivo es diseñar, validar y demostrar la aplicabilidad y eficacia de un instrumento observacional sobre la información transmitida por el profesor en el marco educativo del aula de Educación Física. Se diseñó el instrumento “Hoja de observación de vídeo: intervención didáctica” y se aplicó a la observación de cinco sesiones grabadas de Educación Física orientadas a contenidos de salud. El instrumento demostró validez y fiabilidad para analizar la información emitida por el profesor, que contenía contenidos referentes a salud y a otro tipo de contenidos. Se aporta un instrumento válido y fiable para analizar la información del profesorado en contenidos de salud y, además, se corrobora su aplicabilidad en el aula de Educación Física para la evaluación del profesor.The aim is to design, valid and show both feasibility and efficacy of an observational instrument on the information provided by the teacher in the Physical Education classroom. The instrument “Hoja de observación de vídeo: intervención didáctica” was designed and five recorded Physical Education lessons oriented to health content were observed. The instrument showed validity and reliability about the information provided by the teacher which compiled content related to health and other content. A valid and reliable instrument for analyzing the information from the teacher related to health content is provided and moreover, the instrument´s feasibility into the Physical Education classroom is confirmed for teacher evaluation.La autora Chillón Garzón disfrutó de una licencia por estudios financiada por la Consejería de Educación de la Junta de Andalucía

Parents' and adolescents' perception of traffic- and crime-related safety as correlates of independent mobility among Belgian adolescents

The independent mobility (IM), defined as the freedom of young people to travel without adult supervision, has been related to the physical activity time, the acquisition of personal autonomy, to less intense fear of crime, and to a stronger feeling of being part of their community and other health and social benefits. The aims of this study were to compare parents' and adolescents' traffic- and crime-related safety perceptions of their neighborhood and to analyze the associations of these perceptions with adolescents' IM. A total of 291 adolescents and their parents completed the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS) questionnaire. Multilevel (two-level models: individual levelÐneighborhood level) regression analyses were conducted to examine whether the environmental perceptions differed between parents and adolescents and the association between the parental and adolescents' perception to the IM and the active independent mobility (AIM). Parents reported a more negative perception of traffic (except for amount and speed) and crime-related safety. Adolescents' environmental perceptions were not associated with their IM but parental perceptions of traffic- and crime-related safety were associated with IM and with active IM, although not all associations were in the expected direction. Future urban policy efforts should address environments where parents perceive sufficient levels of safety to increase the levels of IM in adolescents.This study was supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport [CAST17/00072] and by a grant from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) [FWO12/ PDO/158]. Additional support was obtained from the University of Granada, Plan Propio de InvestigacioÂn 2016, Excellence actions: Excellence Units, Scientific Excellence Unit on Exercise and Health (UCEES)

Contribution of active commuting to and from school to device-measured physical activity levels in young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Spanish Ministry of Universities, Grant/Award Number: FPU18/04251; Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund, Grant/Award Number: DEP2016- 75598- R; MCIN/AEI/ and "ERDF a way of making Europe" European Union, Grant/Award Number: PID2021- 126126OA- I00; University of Granada Plan Propio de Investigación 2016—Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES); Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades, European Regional Development Fund, Grant/Award Number: SOMM17/6107/UGR. Pablo Campos-Garzón is supported by FPU18/04251 from the Spanish Ministry of Universities. This study is part of a PhD thesis conducted in the Biomedicine Doctoral Studies program of the University of Granada, Spain. Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada/CBUA.Objective: To analyze the contribution of active commuting to and from school (ACS) to device-measured light physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) levels in young people aged 6 to 18 years old, as well as, in both trip directions (i.e., home-school, school-home). Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA statement, and five different databases were used for the systematic search (PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTdiscuss, Cochrane Library, and National Transportation Library) using PECO strategy. Results: A total of 14 studies met all the eligibility criteria, which compile 7127 participants. The overall ACS weighted LPA was 19.55 min (95% CI: 3.84-35.26; I2 = 99.9%, p < 0.001) and 68.74 min (95% CI: 6.09-131.39; z = 2.15, p = 0.030) during the home-school and school-home trips, respectively. For MVPA, the overall ACS weighted MVPA was 8.98 min (95% CI: 5.33–12.62; I2 = 99.95%, p < 0.001) during the home-school trip and 20.07 min (95% CI: 13.62-26.53; I2 = 99.62%, p < 0.001) during the school-home trip. Conclusion: ACS may contribute about 48% of the PA recommendations in young people on school days if both trip directions are actively performed. Therefore, future studies aimed at increasing daily PA levels in young population should focus on promoting students' ACS. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020162004A.Spanish Ministry of Universities, FPU18/04251Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund, DEP2016- 75598- RMCIN/AEI/"ERDF a way of making Europe" European Union, PID2021- 126126OA- I00University of GranadaJunta de AndalucíaEuropean Regional Development Fund, SOMM17/6107/UGRUniversidad de Granada/CBU

Environmental vs psychosocial barriers to active commuting to university: which matters more?

Objectives The aims of this study were (1) to examine the differences in the mode of commuting and barriers to active commuting to university between the sexes (men and women) and in different countries (Chile and Spain); and (2) to analyse the association between the mode of commuting and the perceived barriers for male and female university students in Chile and Spain. Study design This cross-sectional study took place between April 2017 and May 2018 in Chile and Spain. Methods The study population included 2269 university students (53.0% women). The mode of commuting and barriers to active commuting to university were assessed by a self-reported questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations. Results In both sexes, public and private transport were the main modes of commuting used in Chile and Spain, respectively, followed by active commuting in all participants, except for female students in Spain. Women perceived more environmental and psychosocial barriers compared to men (Chile: P < 0.001; Spain: P = 0.006). Perceived environmental barriers showed higher significant differences between students in Chile and Spain (P < 0.05). Private commuters reported a larger proportion of psychosocial barriers compared to active commuters (Chile: men P = 0.001, women P < 0.001; Spain: men P < 0.001, women P = 0.036). Conclusions The study findings suggest that the mode of commuting and the barriers to active commuting to university may be influenced by sex and country.National Agency for Research and Development (ANID)/Scholarship Program/DOCTORADO BECAS CHILE/2020 72210020University of Cadiz, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2017 PR2017-08

Fiabilidad de un cuestionario de modos, tiempo y distancia de desplazamiento en estudiantes universitarios

ieve physical activity recommendations and help preventing diseases in adult life. Objective: to verify the reliability of a questionnaire about active commuting in university students. Methods: a total of 110 university students (33 women and 77 men) aged between 19 and 26 years old participated in this study. Participants completed a questionnaire on how they commute to the university and commuting variants in two separated measurement sessions (test and retest). In order to evaluate the reliability of this questionnaire, Kappa coefficient and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were calculated using SPSS statistical software. Results: ê scores for commuting to and from university were found in almost perfect agreement, with values of 0.882 and 0.822 respectively. ICC scores on distance to and from university were 0.945 and 0.962 respectively; and for time to and from university they were 0.976 and 0.976 respectively, the values being in almost perfect agreement based on the interval. Conclusion: The questionnaire shows to be a reliable instrument for the university population, showing good reliability in all its items, with high ê and ICC values. The lack of significant p values reinforces the high reliability of the questionnaire.Introducción: El desplazamiento activo es una oportunidad para incorporar actividad física en las rutinas diarias de los universitarios, alcanzar las recomendaciones de actividad física y ayudar en la prevención de enfermedades en la vida adulta. Objetivo: comprobar la fiabilidad de un cuestionario sobre el desplazamiento activo en universitarios. Métodos: un total de 110 (33 mujeres y 77 hombres) universitarios con edades entre los 19 y 26 años, participaron en este estudio. Los participantes completaron un cuestionario sobre el modo de desplazamiento a la universidad y sus variantes en dos instancias (test y retest). Para evaluar la fiabilidad de este cuestionario se calculó el coeficiente Kappa y Coeficiente de Correlación de Intraclase (ICC), lo que fue analizado mediante el software estadístico SPSS. Resultados: Los valores de 5Ø³ß sobre el modo de desplazamiento en ida y vuelta a la universidad se encuentran en un acuerdo casi perfecto con valores de 0.882; 0.822 respectivamente. Los valores de ICC en distancia ida y vuelta a la universidad fueron 0,945; 0,962 respectivamente y para tiempo ida y vuelta a la universidad fueron 0,976; 0,976 respectivamente, siendo valores de acuerdo casi perfecto según el intervalo. Conclusión: El cuestionario muestra ser un instrumento confiable para la población universitaria, teniendo buena fiabilidad en todos sus ítems, obteniendo valores de Kappa e ICC altos. El no presentar valores de p significativos, refuerza la alta fiabilidad del cuestionario

Basic psychological need satisfaction in active commuting to and from school BPNS-ACS(SWE)

This research was funded by VINNOVA, project number 2021-03049.Background: The absence of appropriate Swedish-language instrumentation to assess active commuting to school has largely hampered the study of the individual factors of the children, such as autonomy, competence, and relatedness to active commuting to school. Purpose: Building upon self-determination theory, the objective of this research was to gather evidence of the validity and reliability of the Swedish version of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction in Active Commuting to and from School (BPNS-ACS) tool. Methods: The cross-sectional and purposive sample included 273 children (51.28% girls) from urban areas. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis underpinned the three-factor correlated model, which was invariant across gender. Evidence in support of discriminant and convergent validity and reli- ability was gathered. Criterion validity evidence was met by positive and significant predictions of autonomy, competence, and relatedness satisfaction on active commuting to and from school. Conclusions: The Swedish version of the BPNS-ACS is a psychometrically robust measure of children’s perceptions of autonomy, competence, and relatedness satisfaction in active commuting to school and could be used to assess the effects of school-based interventions on need satisfaction for active commuting to school.VINNOVA 2021-0304

A GIS-Based Method for Analysing the Association Between School-Built Environment and Home-School Route Measures with Active Commuting to School in Urban Children and Adolescents

In the current call for a greater human health and well-being as a sustainable development goal, to encourage active commuting to and from school (ACS) seems to be a key factor. Research focusing on the analysis of the association between environmental factors and ACS in children and adolescents has reported limited and inconclusive evidence, so more knowledge is needed about it. The main aim of this study is to examine the association between different built environmental factors of both school neighbourhood and home-school route with ACS of children and adolescents belonging to urban areas. The ACS level was evaluated using a self-reported questionnaire. Built environment variables (i.e., density of residents, street connectivity and mixed land use) within a school catchment area and home-school route characteristics (i.e., distance and pedestrian route directness—PRD) were measured using a geographic information system (GIS) and examined together with ACS levels. Subsequently, the association between environmental factors and ACS was analysed by binary logistic regression. Several cut-off points of the route measures were explored using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. In addition, the PRD was further studied regarding different thresholds. The results showed that 70.5% of the participants were active and there were significant associations between most environmental factors and ACS. Most participants walked to school when routes were short (distance variable in children: OR = 0.980; p = 0.038; and adolescents: OR = 0.866; p < 0.001) and partially direct (PRD variable in children: OR = 11.334; p < 0.001; and adolescents: OR = 3.513; p < 0.001), the latter specially for children. Mixed land uses (OR = 2.037; p < 0.001) and a high density of street intersections (OR = 1.640; p < 0.001) clearly encouraged adolescents walking and slightly discouraged children walking (OR = 0.657, p = 0.010; and OR = 0.692, p = 0.025, respectively). The assessment of ACS together with the environmental factors using GIS separately for children and adolescents can inform future friendly and sustainable communities.Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness DEP2016-75598-REuropean Union (EU) DEP2016-75598-RUniversity of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016 (Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health -UCEES-)Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidades, European Regional Development Fund SOMM17/6107/UG