11 research outputs found
Fluoride contamination in groundwater sources in Southwestern Nigeria: Assessment using multivariate statistical approach and human health risk
The present study investigated the ionic and fluoride concentrations in tap water and its associated health risk to local dwellers of Ogun State (Abeokuta south), Nigeria. 63 samples were collected from twenty-one different locations. Results obtained revealed the mean concentration of fluoride (F–) as 1.23 mg/L. Other water quality parameters such as total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), F–, Fe2+, and SO42– surpassed the WHO guidance for drinking water. Strong positive correlation was observed between F– and TDS; F– and pH; TDS and EC; TDS and Mg2+; TDS and SO42–; TDS and HCO3–; EC and HCO3–; EC and SO42–; Na+ and Cl–; SO42– and Cl–. In addition, Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) model was employed to spatially distribute the concentration of the analyzed elements within the study region. The chronic daily dose (CDD) and hazard quotient (HQ) were also used to evaluate the health risk associated with F–, considering dermal and ingestion as pathways. The results revealed that the associated HQ for infants between the age range of 6–12months within about 91% of the study region surpassed the accepted HQ limit. However, the HQ for age categories 11–16years; >65years; 18–21years; 21years; 16–18years within 95.2%, 90.5%, 80.95% and 100% of the study location were less than 1. Conclusively, the HQ values obtained in this study should serve as a baseline information for water management authorities, policymakers and the society at large towards addressing these pollution issues
An Optimization Approach for Assessing the Reliability of Rainwater Harvesting
This study was aimed at developing an optimization approach to rainwater harvesting
(RWH) considering three (3) water consumption scenarios (WCS). These scenarios which
include basic water need (BWN), pour flush (PF) and full plumbing connection (FPC)
corresponding to 50 litres per capita per day (lpcd), 75(lpcd) and 150(lpcd) respectively were
simulated for different categories of buildings. Reliability of supply was determined by first
obtaining composite surplus/deficit of rainwater followed by optimizing the redistribution of
surplus rainwater harvested to deficient buildings. Results showed that when total annual
rainfall intercepted by roof exceeded total demand, 100% reliability of water supply was
guaranteed. Reliability was found to be a linear function of storage. When reliability of supply
is possible, the optimized storage bears an inverse exponential relationship to the roof plan area
per capita. The relationship between surplus/deficit and roof plan area per capita follows a onephase
decay pattern. An optimal redistribution of surplus water from self-sufficient buildings
to deficient ones gave an improvement in supply reliability from 64 to 87% for basic water
need, 47 to 58% for pour flush and 28 to 29% for full plumbing connection
Assessment of geospatial and hydrochemical interactions of groundwater quality, southwestern Nigeria
Groundwater pollution resulting from anthropogenic
activities and poor effluent management
is on the rise in Nigeria. Hence, groundwater used for
domestic purposes is questionable and therefore calls
for scientific scrutiny. Investigation of hydrochemical
interactions and quality of groundwater resource is
essential in order to monitor and identify sources of
water pollutants. As a result, groundwater samples were
collected from 21 locations in Abeokuta South, Nigeria
and analyzed for physicochemical parameters using
standard methods. Results obtained were subjected to
hydrochemical and geospatial analyses. Water quality
parameters investigated exhibited wide variations from
location to location. Fe2+, Mg2+, SO4
2−, Cl−, total hardness
(TH), Mn, Na+, NO3
−, SiO2, and alkalinity exhibited
the highest levels of variation with coefficients of
variation of 131.3, 92.8, 83.9, 76.7, 65.9, 64.3, 57.6,
57.2, 57.0, and 52.5, respectively. The average pH
value was 6.76 with 71% of the water samples being
slightly acidic. Na2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, and EC contents
exhibited the most violation of drinking water standards
with percent violations of 100, 52.4, 47.6, and 47.6%,
respectively. Parameters, such as Mn, Ca2+, NO3
−, and
CO3
2−, were within the WHO guideline values for
drinking water in all the samples. The highest level of
significant correlation was found to exist between Na+
and Cl− (r = 0.84, α = 0.01). Six principal components,
which explained 83.5% of the variation in water quality,
were extracted with the first (34.1%) and second components
(15.7%) representing the influence of mineral
dissolution and anthropogenic practices, respectively,
on the hydrochemistry of the area. Four hydrochemical
clusters were identified with distinctly partitioned water
quality. Further analysis revealed that 38, 29, 24, and
9% of the samples were the Na-K-HCO3, Na-K-Cl-
SO4, Ca-Mg-HCO3, and Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4 types, respectively.
Anthropogenic activities are increasing threat to
groundwater quality in the study location and therefore
call for urgent attention. There is also a need for routine
monitoring of groundwater in Abeokuta
Probabilistic risk assessment and spatial distribution of potentially toxic elements in groundwater sources in Southwestern Nigeria
The study investigated the concentration of potentially toxic heavy metals (PTHM) in groundwater
sources (hand-dug wells and boreholes), spatial distribution, source apportionment, and health risk
impact on local inhabitants in Ogun state. One hundred and eight water samples from 36 locations
were analysed for Cr, Ni, Pb, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca and Al. Mean values of 0.013, 0.003, 0.010, 0.088, 0.004
and 3.906 mg/L were obtained for Pb, Cr, Ni, Fe, Mn, and Al respectively at Iju district. Meanwhile, the
average values of Pb, Ni, Fe, Mn, and Al concentrations at Atan district were 0.008, 0.0023, 0.011,
0.003, and 1.319 mg/L respectively. Results also revealed that the 44.4% and 11.13% of the borehole
and well-water samples surpassed the World Health Organization limits for Pb at Atan. In Iju, the
concentration of Pb and Al were relatively high, exceeding the stipulated standard in 100% of the
samples. The Multivariate statistical analysis employed produced principal factors that accounted for
78.674% and 86.753% of the variance at Atan and Iju region respectively. Based on this, PTHM were
traced to geogenic sources (weathering, dissolution, leaching) and anthropogenic emissions from
industrial activities. In addition, the hazard quotient values obtained from the health risk assessment
identified potential non-carcinogenic risk due to Pb via ingestion route. Ni was found to have high
carcinogenic risk on adult and children, having exceeded the threshold limit. The outcome of the
carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that 88.67% (for adults) and 1.12% (for children) of the cancer
risk values surpassed the specified limits at Iju, whereas the cancer risk values were considerably lesser
at Atan. In conclusion, the report of this study should serve as a beacon that will spark up strategic
planning, comprehensive water resource management, and extensive treatment schemes in order to
address the health complications linked with environmental pollution
Efficacy of disinfectants and brand reputation on bathing water quality improvement
This study evaluated the antibacterial efficacy of some disinfectants widely used in Nigeria in the elimination of
common bacteria found in bathing water. Four (4) skin disinfectants Ivy, Dettol, Izal, and Septol, were added to
sterile distilled water containing Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella spp. and Bacillus spp. which were isolated from
a swimming pool. From a total of 288 samples, results revealed that all the antiseptic performed below par in
destroying bacillus except for Ivy (41.67 %) and Dettol (12.50 %), which showed tenuous performance in this
regard. Septol showed no significant difference in destroying bacteria with a higher number of CFU/100 mL
eliminated irrespective of the contact time (p = 0.258). In contrast, Ivy showed high significant difference with
bacteria destruction as contact time progressed (p = 0.011). The logistic regression model developed revealed
that an increase in dosage promoted the removal of organisms while longer waiting times were only significant
for Septol (p = 0.045) and Ivy (p = 0.002). Nagelkerke R2 model fitted properly for Izal and Septol with values
of 0.97 and 0.786. The findings of this study showed stark variance among the treatment capacities of these
antiseptics. They provided sufficient knowledge in the selection of the available skin disinfectants in the market
that are most likely to destroy bacteria in bathing water. Therefore, the inability of these products to correlate
with their intended purpose leaves room for re-assessment by their producers and by relevant monitoring
agencies in the country to meet the demands of a rapidly growing number of end-users in dire need for improved
bathing water quality
Estimation of longitudinal dispersion co-efficient: A review
Accurate determination of longitudinal dispersion coefficient in rivers or streams is necessary for pollution control and management. This can be achieved through tracer studies and has proven to be a reliable method for measuring pollution spread. However, tracer studies practise which is expensive, time gulping and requiring large labour input have been substituted with empirical approaches thereby reducing the applicability of the dispersion coefficient models generated. This study reviews the various models derived as well as methods associated in the collection of tracer concentration data (measurement) existing in the literature. A sustainable approach to this study was identified and research needs were also listed