The innovative capacity of voluntary organisations and the provision of public services: A longitudinal approach

The prior history of voluntary and community organisations (VCOs) as pioneers of public services during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century has lead to reification of the innovativeness of these organisations. Is this reification justified – are VCOs inherently innovative, or is innovation contingent on other factors? This paper reports on a longitudinal study of this capacity conducted over 1994 – 2006. This study finds that the innovative capacity of VCOs is in fact not an inherent capacity but rather is contingent upon the public policy framework that privileges innovation above other activity of VCOs. The implications of this for theory, policy and practice are considered

Strategic positioning in voluntary and non-profit organizations in the UK : exploring the experiences of British charitable organizations:Exploring the experiences of British Charitable Organizations

This thesis explores the strategic positioning [SP] activities of charitable organizations [COs] within the wider sector of voluntary and non-profit organizations [VNPOs] in the UK. Despite the growing interest in SP for British COs in an increasingly competitive operating environment and changing policy context, there is lack of research in mainstream marketing/strategic management studies on this topic for charities, whilst the specialist literature on VNPOs has neglected the study of SP. The thesis begins with an extended literature review of the concept of positioning in both commercial [for-profit] and charitable organizations. It concludes that the majority of theoretical underpinnings of SP that are prescribed for COs have been derived from the commercial strategy/marketing literature. There is currently a lack of theoretical and conceptual models that can accommodate the particular context of COs and guide strategic positioning practice in them. The research contained in this thesis is intended to fill some of these research gaps. It combines an exploratory postal survey and four cross-sectional case studies to describe the SP activities of a sample of general welfare and social care charities and identifies the key factors that influence their choice of positioning strategies [PSs]. It concludes that charitable organizations have begun to undertake SP to differentiate their organizations from other charities that provide similar services. Their PSs have both generic features, and other characteristics that are unique to them. A combination of external environmental and organizational factors influences their choice of PSs. A theoretical model, which depicts these factors, is developed in this research. It highlights the role of governmental influence, other external environmental forces, the charity’s mission, organizational resources, and influential stakeholders in shaping the charity’s PS. This study concludes by considering the theoretical and managerial implications of the findings on the study of charitable and non-profit organizations

Na+/K+-ATPase α-subunit ( nkaα) isoforms and their mRNA expression levels, overall nkaαα protein abundance, and kinetic properties of Nka in the skeletal muscle and three electric organs of the electric eel, electrophorus electricus

10.1371/journal.pone.0118352PLoS ONE103e011835

Does an educational video for aneuploidy screening improve informed choice among pregnant women? A randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Poor knowledge and the lack of deliberation have been cited as reasons for women making uninformed choices about aneuploidy screening. Adequate pre-test counselling is of particular importance where non-invasive prenatal screening (NIPS) is being increasingly offered as a primary screening test. DESIGN: Women attending the antenatal clinic with a singleton pregnancy below 14 weeks were randomised to receive routine counselling or the intervention-a 16-min educational video on aneuploidy screening before their consult. The primary outcome, rate of informed choice, was assessed using an adapted multidimensional measure of informed choice questionnaire, where informed choice was defined as good knowledge and value-consistent behaviour. Secondary outcomes included informed choice with deliberation, decisional conflict and anxiety. RESULTS: Two hundred and eighty-six women were recruited. 69.8% of women in the intervention group made an informed choice compared with 53.6% in the control group (Risk Ratio [RR] 1.30, p = 0.014). A significantly higher number of women in the intervention group had good knowledge compared to controls (81% vs. 60.9%; RR 1.33, p = 0.001). Decisional conflict did not differ between groups, but women in the intervention group had higher anxiety scores (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The study intervention was effective in helping women make informed choice. Qualitative studies to determine the reason for increased anxiety are needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Trial registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; Identifier: NCT05492981

Kinetic analysis of protein stability reveals age-dependent degradation

Do young and old protein molecules have the same probability to be degraded? We addressed this question using metabolic pulse-chase labeling and quantitative mass spectrometry to obtain degradation profiles for thousands of proteins. We find that gt;10 of proteins are degraded non-exponentially. Specifically, proteins are less stable in the first few hours of their life and stabilize with age. Degradation profiles are conserved and similar in two cell types. Many non-exponentially degraded (NED) proteins are subunits of complexes that are produced in super-stoichiometric amounts relative to their exponentially degraded (ED) counterparts. Within complexes, \NED\} proteins have larger interaction interfaces and assemble earlier than \{ED\} subunits. Amplifying genes encoding \{NED\ proteins increases their initial degradation. Consistently, decay profiles can predict protein level attenuation in aneuploid cells. Together, our data show that non-exponential degradation is common, conserved, and has important consequences for complex formation and regulation of protein abundance

What factors influence positioning strategies in voluntary non-profit organisations? Towards a conceptual framework

Proposes a conceptual framework for investigating factors influencing positioning strategies in voluntary non-profit organisations (VNPOs), particularly UK charitable organisations. These face increasing pressures to manage operations in a highly competitive and challenging external environment. Argues for the relevance of positioning as part of their strategic marketing planning process, while recognising the need for adaptation in the particular context in which they operate. While studies suggest that such organisations are increasingly knowledgeable in marketing approaches and techniques, argues these are predominantly used at the tactical rather than strategic marketing level. At the same time there is a lack of suitable conceptual frameworks on positioning as part of the strategic planning process to guide research in the non-profit context. Aims to address this gap by illuminating the various positioning issues derived from alternative theoretical perspectives from both the for-profit and non-profit literature, and serves to inform practice by raising challenging questions on the direct application of position concepts and strategies derived from contemporary commercial marketing literature into the VPNO/charity marketing context, while proposing some areas for adaptation

Strategic Positioning in Voluntary and Charitable Organizations

Rekindling the critical analysis of the adoption of generic commercial (for-profit) management approaches in the non-profit context, Strategic Positioning in Voluntary and Charitable Organizations reveals that charities are positioning themselves in their evolving external environment in distinctive ways that are not adequately explained by existing positioning theories. Based on original research that examines, for the first time, the usefulness of contemporary theoretical perspectives and interpretations of strategic positioning derived from the existing literature in explaining the positioning activities of charitable organizations within the wider voluntary and non-profit sector. Using a three-stage approach, which involves an exploratory survey and multiple case studies, this book provides: • evidence showing the extent of strategic positioning, the components of a positioning strategy and the process of developing a positioning strategy in charitable organizations that are involved in the provision of public services, • analysis of the key factors that influence the choice of a positioning strategy in the charitable context, and the depiction of these factors in an original integrating model, and • an exploration into the extent to which existing strategy/marketing literature on positioning is applicable in the charitable context. By challenging the adoption of current perspectives on strategic positioning derived from commercial strategy and marketing management literatures into the non-profit and non-market contexts, the author develops a theoretical framework that accounts for the uniqueness of positioning strategy in the non-profit sector. This uniqueness is attributed to the difference in positioning goals, the process of developing a positioning strategy, and the influencing factors on the choice of a positioning strategy in charities compared to commercial organizations. The implications of the findings provide useful lessons for managers of voluntary and charitable organizations in planning and developing their positioning activities, and for other stakeholders, such as policy makers, funders, donors and industry bodies

The extent and impact of formalized social enterprise activities in voluntary and charitable organizations involved in public service provision in Wales

This paper presents new empirical evidence from the survey stage of a two-stage methodological study that investigates the extent and impact of formalized social enterprise activities in voluntary and charitable organizations involved in public service provision in Wales. The survey is conducted in partnership with the Wales Council for Voluntary Action. Adopting an exploratory approach, the survey reveals that charities in Wales are undertaking social enterprise activities in informal and formal ways. Contrary to the much trumpeted governmental policies and initiatives to develop formalized social enterprise for public service delivery in the UK, charities in Wales generally ascribe their social enterprise endeavours not to any particular legal form per se but as part of a wider range of evolving activities undertaken by them to sustain or further their primary charitable mission/goals. Their decision to embark on formalized social enterprise activities had less to do with fulfilling the government’s policy agenda of increasing public service delivery through social enterprises but more to do with adapting to an increasingly competitive fund raising environment. The type of social enterprise activities undertaken by charities tends to be narrow and revolves around specialist services and sale of products that are closely related to the charity’s mission. Charities face challenges in the process of embarking on formalized social enterprise activities such as developing a weak business-orientation and skill base, balancing the benefits and risks associated with mission-related social enterprise activities, and managing the tensions arising from a clash of operating culture between the parent charity and its social enterprise subsidiary. These findings have specific implications for the management and governance of formalized social enterprise activities by charities and for the development of the social enterprise movement in Wales by policy makers, local governmental agencies and voluntary sector umbrella bodies