Los nuevos actores de la cooperación internacional en la temática ambiental: salir de la emergencia perpetua

El medio ambiente como problema que requiere de soluciones consensuadas es relativamente nuevo en el ámbito de las relaciones internacionales, a pesar de que para esta última disciplina, los temas medioambientales siempre han sido objeto de su estudio.En función de las múltiples aristas que tiene la disciplina de las relaciones internacionales, el medio ambiente puede ser abordado desde varias perspectivas: seguridad, derechos humanos, manejo integrado local-regional- nacionales-internacional –estimulando un profundo debateentre intereses globales, internacionales y domésticos– como también en términos de la necesaria relación entre ambiente y desarrollo. Por esta misma razón, y para entender el problema en toda su complejidad concreta y teórica, este trabajo pretende desarrollar brevemente las posiciones de cada uno de los grandes paradigmas de las relaciones internacionales en cuanto al tema

Supporting Mobile Connectivity: from Learning Scenarios to Multichannel Devices: Special Issue on "Learning as a Ubiquitous and Continuous Communication Attitude"

Guest Editor: Piet KommersInternational audienceThe introduction of distance learning does not only bring a wider audience, but also much more diversity among the learners: first, because it can be integrated more easily into a Life-long Learning strategy; secondly, because the learners are not restricted to a sing le area and thus learners from different countries and with different cultures follow the curriculum. We have observed this in various DL diplomas in which we participate. In this article, we will shed some light on the difficulties and challenges arising from these multi-cultural settings. Based on our research work, we would like to insist on two particular points which are the necessity to adapt the pedagogical settings (e.g. pedagogical scenarios) according to the learners' behaviour to overcome unforeseen problems due to cultural differences and the importance of considering mobile technologies to overcome limited access to the technology in developing countries and to ensure continuous interaction among learners and with tutors

Réactions de substitution et d'oxydation palladocatalysées en milieu aqueux (étude par ESI-MS)

La mise au point d'un ligand bisaminé hydrosoluble au laboratoire a permis le développement de différentes réactions palladocatalysées en milieux aqueux. Deux réactivités de substitution allylique nucléophile, en fonction du catalyseur, ont été mises en évidence grâce à la spectrométrie de masse. La détection en ESI-MS d'intermédiaires palladiés a permis de proposer, dans la réaction catalysée par [PdCl(C3H5)]2, un cycle catalytique faisant intervenir des espèces p-allyliques de palladium (degré d'oxydation 0 ou 4) et dans la réaction catalysée par le PdCl2(MeCN)2, un acétylacétonate de palladium(II). Ce dernier influence la sélectivité de la réaction et a conduit à la découverte d'une réaction de substitution en absence de métal mais induite par l'eau. L'étude de la réaction de cyclisation de type Wacker avec l'allylphénol n'a pas conduit à l'obtention des benzofuranes désirées mais a permis l'obtention de nouveaux produits, proches de produits naturels brevetés par une réaction palladocatalysée en milieu aqueux oxydant. La réaction semble régie par un mécanisme " one-pot " de trois réactions consécutives : isomérisation-époxydation-ouverture sélective d'époxyde.The synthesis of a hydrophilic ligand in our laboratory allows us to develop different palladium-catalyzed reaction in aqueous media. Two different reactivities in the nucleophilic allylic substitution, according to the catalyst, were discovered and revealed thanks to the mass spectrometry. The identification of the species detected by ESI-MS allows us to propose a catalytic process which involves (p -allyl)-palladium intermediates when the reaction is performed with [PdCl(C3H5)]2 or a palladium acetylacetonate complex when performed with PdCl2(MeCN)2.This last result shows that the catalyst just influence the selectivity and that water may promote the allylic substitution in the absence of any palladium complex. The study of the intramolecular Wacker oxidation of allylphenol doesn't lead to the expected benzofuranes but new products, which are potentially physiologically active compounds, were obtained. This process occurs via a cascade reaction involving the isomerisation of the double bond, followed by the epoxidation and opening of the resulting oxirane.REIMS-BU Sciences (514542101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Multi-channel and multi-modal interactions in Emarketing: Toward a generic architecture for integration and experimentation

Multi-modality is a domain which is study since several years in HCI area. In this paper, we approach this domain under a new point of view, those of the e-Marketing, and so in an industrial framework. Thus, we investigate real issues of E-Marketing with well-known technical in HCI. The multi-modal notion can be compared to the multichannel one used in e-Marketing. That’s why a part of our work is dedicated to define and describe what is behind the terms of multi-modal and multi-channel in the E-Marketing area. Our collaboration with the Cité Numérique, a subsidiary of the 3 Suisses International Company, a large group of Direct Marketing, carries out us to consider real issues. This collaboration also led us to study concrete scenario in real situations, at large scale.

P-learning in E-retail : a case study and flexible software architecture

International audienceNo abstrac