36 research outputs found

    Value and monitoring of biodiversity on Moorea Island, French Polynesia: a methodological approach of terrestrial and marine ecosystems

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    The island of Moorea in French Polynesia is representative of a relatively well preserved small tropical oceanic island but both its terrestrial and marine ecosystems are currently under strong anthropogenic pressures. The terrestrial ecosystems are facing an increasing urbanization, and the destruction and modification of their natural habitats by cultivation and forestry plantations, accidental or intentional fires, and particularly by the invasion of alien plant and animal species. Coastal areas and reef ecosystems are threatened by shoreline artificialization, sedimentation due to soil erosion, increasing uses of marine and lagoon resources and frequency of coral bleaching events. A significant erosion of terrestrial and marine biodiversity is observed on the island since the last decades. In the context of the Land Management Plan (PGA) and Marine Area Management Plan (PGEM) recently set up in the island by local authorities, scientific surveys and inventories were made in 2006 in order to assess the status of terrestrial biodiversity (vascular plants) and marine biodiversity (reef fishes) and compare areas with different anthropogenic pressures. Studies conducted on the flora and the vegetation at low and middle elevation along altitudinal transects show that the plant invasion process is related to climatic and topographic factors, and species autoecology. The marine study aims to compare the protected areas with control areas in order to test the effectiveness of protection measures and to propose a streamlined monitoring protocol. A methodological study in both terrestrial and marine ecosystems was conducted in order to propose biodiversity indicators which are crucial for decision making in conservation and sustainable development of island biodiversity. We used Geographic Information System (GIS) as a fast and intuitive tool for mapping indicators and their variability. This methodological approach developed on the island of Moorea could be used as a model for other tropical islandsMoorea est une petite Ăźle ocĂ©anique tropicale de la PolynĂ©sie française relativement bien prĂ©servĂ©e, mais dont les Ă©cosystĂšmes terrestres et marins sont actuellement soumis Ă  de fortes pressions anthropiques. Le milieu terrestre est confrontĂ© Ă  une urbanisation croissante, Ă  la destruction ou Ă  la modification des habitats naturels pour l’extension des cultures ou des plantations forestiĂšres, aux incendies volontaires ou accidentels, et particuliĂšrement Ă  l’invasion d’espĂšces vĂ©gĂ©tales et animales introduites. Les zones cĂŽtiĂšres et les rĂ©cifs coralliens sont menacĂ©s par de multiples perturbations telles que l’artificialisation des lignes de rivage, l’apport de sĂ©diments dus Ă  l’érosion des sols, l’augmentation des usages des ressources marines et lagonaires et de la frĂ©quence des phĂ©nomĂšnes de blanchissement du corail. Une Ă©rosion sensible de la biodiversitĂ© terrestre et marine de l’üle est observĂ©e depuis les derniĂšres dĂ©cennies. Dans le cadre du Plan GĂ©nĂ©ral d’AmĂ©nagement (PGA) et du Plan de Gestion de l’Espace Maritime (PGEM) mis en place par les autoritĂ©s locales, des inventaires scientifiques ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s en 2006 dans le but d’évaluer l’état de la biodiversitĂ© terrestre (plantes vasculaires) et marine (poissons rĂ©cifaux) et de comparer des zones soumises Ă  diffĂ©rentes perturbations. Les Ă©tudes rĂ©alisĂ©es sur la flore et la vĂ©gĂ©tation de basse et moyenne altitude le long de transects altitudinaux montrent des processus d’invasion vĂ©gĂ©tale diffĂ©rents en relation avec les facteurs climatiques, topographiques et autoĂ©cologiques des espĂšces. Les Ă©tudes en milieu marin visent Ă  comparer des aires protĂ©gĂ©es Ă  des aires tĂ©moins afin de suivre l’efficacitĂ© des mesures de gestion. La rĂ©flexion mĂ©thodologique menĂ©e parallĂšlement sur les deux Ă©cosystĂšmes a pour but d’illustrer diffĂ©rents indices de biodiversitĂ© nĂ©cessaires Ă  la prise de dĂ©cision en matiĂšre de conservation ou de dĂ©veloppement durable de la biodiversitĂ© insulaire et de rĂ©aliser un Ă©tat de rĂ©fĂ©rence pour Ă©tablir un diagnostic sur l’état de la biodiversitĂ©. La reprĂ©sentation cartographique des indices Ă  l’aide d’un SIG, illustrĂ©e dans cette Ă©tude avec la richesse spĂ©cifique terrestre et marine, permet une lecture intuitive et rapide de la variabilitĂ© de cet indice dont la restitution est basĂ©e sur une standardisation du nombre d’espĂšces. Cette approche mĂ©thodologique dĂ©veloppĂ©e sur l’üle de Moorea pourrait servir de modĂšle pour d’autres Ăźles tropicale

    Tectonic history of northern New Caledonia Basin from deep offshore seismic reflection: Relation to late Eocene obduction in New Caledonia, southwest Pacific

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    International audienceNew, high-quality multichannel seismic reflection data from the western New Caledonia offshore domain allow for the first time the direct, continuous connection of seismic reflectors between the Deep Sea Drilling Project 208 drill hole on the Lord Howe Rise and the New Caledonia Basin. A novel seismic interpretation is hence proposed for the northern New Caledonia Basin stratigraphy, which places the Eocene/Oligocene unconformity deeper than previously thought and revisits the actual thickness of the pre-Oligocene sequences. A causal link is proposed between the obduction of the South Loyalty Basin over New Caledonia (NC) and the tectonic history of the northern New Caledonia Basin. Here it is suggested that as the South Loyalty Basin was being obducted during early Oligocene times, the NC Basin subsided under the effect of the overloading and underthrusted to accommodate the compressional deformation, which resulted in (1) the uplift of the northern Fairway Ridge and (2) the sinking of the western flank of New Caledonia. This event also had repercussions farther west with the incipient subsidence of the Lord Howe Rise

    Old lineage on an old island : Pixibinthus, a new cricket genus endemic to New Caledonia shed light on gryllid diversification in a hotspot of biodiversity

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    Few studies have focused on the early colonization of New Caledonia by insects, after the re-emergence of the main island, 37 Myr ago. Here we investigate the mode and tempo of evolution of a new endemic cricket genus, Pixibinthus, recently discovered in southern New Caledonia. First we formally describe this new monotypic genus found exclusively in the open shrubby vegetation on metalliferous soils, named 'maquis minier', unique to New Caledonia. We then reconstruct a dated molecular phylogeny based on five mitochondrial and four nuclear loci in order to establish relationships of Pixibinthus within Eneopterinae crickets. Pixibinthus is recovered as thesister clade of the endemic genus Agnotecous, mostly rainforest-dwellers. Dating results show that the island colonization by their common ancestor occurred around 34.7 Myr, shortly after New Caledonia re-emergence. Pixibinthus and Agnotecous are then one of the oldest insect lineages documented so far for New Caledonia. This discovery highlights for the first time two clear-cut ecological specializations between sister clades, as Agnotecous is mainly found in rainforests with 19 species, whereas Pixibinthus is found in open habitats with a single documented species. The preference of Pixibinthus for open habitats and of Agnotecous for forest habitats nicely fits an acoustic specialization, either explained by differences in body size or in acoustic properties of their respective habitats. We hypothesize that landscape dynamics, linked to major past climatic events and recent change in fire regimes are possible causes for both present-day low diversity and rarity in genus Pixibinthus. The unique evolutionary history of this old New Caledonian lineage stresses the importance to increase our knowledge on the faunal biodiversity of 'maquis minier', in order to better understand the origin and past dynamics of New Caledonian biota

    L'Ă©ducation Ă  la culture informationnelle

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    La publication des actes du colloque international L'Ă©ducation Ă  la culture informationnelle (Lille, octobre 2008 - sous le patronage de l'Unesco) prĂ©sente les regards de chercheurs, de praticiens ou de reprĂ©sentants d'institutions sur cette notion et ouvre de larges perspectives interdisciplinaires. Le nouveau concept de « culture informationnelle » est proposĂ© par la communautĂ© internationale pour mieux apprĂ©hender la complexification actuelle des relations entre l'enseignement, l'Ă©ducation et l'information, liĂ©e au dĂ©veloppement exponentiel des technologies numĂ©riques. Quel rapport entretient l'Ă©ducation Ă  l'information (information literacy) avec l'Ă©ducation aux mĂ©dias (media literacy) et l'Ă©ducation numĂ©rique (digital literacy) ? Le pĂ©rimĂštre de la « culture informationnelle » s'Ă©tend maintenant clairement au-delĂ  du monde de la documentation et des bibliothĂšques. La notion mĂȘme doit ĂȘtre prĂ©cisĂ©e, revue, alors que les pratiques continuent d'Ă©voluer. Une place importante est consacrĂ©e dans l'ouvrage Ă  l'analyse comparĂ©e des approches thĂ©oriques et de plusieurs expĂ©riences menĂ©es dans diffĂ©rents pays
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