Figer l’encensement ? Réflexions sur trois représentations d’encensoirs dans l’espace sacré (xiie-xiiie siècle)

L’encensoir est cité dans plusieurs passages de l’Ancien et du Nouveau Testament – Livre de l’Exode, Apocalypse selon saint Jean, etc. Grâce à ces mentions, à son utilisation comme instrument liturgique dans le rite chrétien, ainsi qu’à l’analyse théologique de cette utilisation dans plusieurs traités, il acquiert au cours du Moyen Âge une signification symbolique complexe. Guillaume Durand, évêque de Mende et liturgiste du xiiie siècle, consacre à l’objet un long développement dans son Ratio..

Introduction

L’étude des relations entre l’espace sacré et l’église médiévale n’est pas un sujet nouveau. Explorés dès les années 1960, entre autres, par les analyses pionnières de Carol Heitz à propos des liens entre architecture et liturgie à l’époque carolingienne, ces actes, issus du colloque tenu à Nanterre en juin 2018, entendent s’inscrire dans la lignée de ces travaux, tout en étendant la réflexion à d’autres supports artistiques tels que la sculpture, la peinture ou encore les objets d’art. Si, e..

Dans les fumées sacrées : productions, usages et représentations des encensoirs en France (XIIe-XVIIe s.)

Incense was appreciated by ancient societies for its fragrant and therapeutic properties. Used during funerals to combat putrefaction of corpses, its use gradually extended to cult ceremonies as an offering to the deities. The rise of its smoke towards the heavens evoked a link between the earth - humans' land - and the sky - deities' kingdom. As a container for burning incense, the censer became an indispensable instrument of the liturgy, and was adopted in Christian ceremonies. However, it was only after a theological debate lasting several centuries that its use was accepted by the entire Christian community and has endured to this dayHowever, despite general recognition of its use in worship, knowledge related to these objects, particularly those made of non-precious metals, is patchy, as the subject seems to have arisen little interest. This is borne out by the random dates and origins attributed to these objects, depending on where they were kept. In fact, they have long been decorated with motifs evoking medieval ornaments, well after the end of the period, which confuses the analysis. In order to remedy this situation and grasp the main stages in their development, we have examined various aspects of censers, but our research has left aside the best-studied productions, except for contextualisation and comparison purposes, to concentrate on the more commonplace metal productions in copper alloys produced in France from the twelfth to the seventeenth centuries.We began our investigation in the twelfth century, as no earlier material evidence could be found, and end it in the seventeenth century. This second milestone is based on two arguments, one technological and the other aesthetic. The seventeenth century marked the end of the use of medieval ornamentation on incense burners, but it was also the period when bossettery temporarily replaced cast iron for the less prestigious productions. The scale of analysis for this study was twofold, thanks to the creation of two bodies of material evidence, one covering the whole of France (corpus A) and the second covering an area with a large number of items and interesting issues: Auvergne (corpus B). This made it possible to maintain a dual and complementary spatial perspective.This work is divided into three main parts, the first of which sets out to establish the methodological basis for this work by focusing on the issues specific to the study of incense burners (Chapter 1), then explaining the survey methodology used. Various types of corpus were then compiled: two corpuses of objects, a corpus of representations of incense burners and finally an archival survey, also carried out in Auvergne (Chapter 2). The final chapter reviews the state of the art in studies of incense and censers (Chapter 3). The second part of this study consists of a documentary and material survey. Chapter 4 sets out the main uses of incense burners and their liturgical symbolism, analysing both liturgical treatises and representations of these objects. Chapter 5 is a comprehensive study of the two corpuses of objects from the point of view of style, dating and provenance. The final part of this thesis analyses the socio-economic context surrounding these objects. Chapter 6 attempts to reconstruct the production chain for incense burners, from the circulation of raw materials to their repair. Finally, the last two chapters look at the posterity of medieval censers, both in terms of their critical reception in the nineteenth century (Chapter 7) and their preservation to the present day (Chapter 8).L’encens était apprécié des sociétés antiques pour ses propriétés odoriférantes et thérapeutiques. Utilisé dans le cadre de cérémonies funéraires afin de lutter contre la putréfaction des corps, son usage s’est progressivement étendu aux cérémonies cultuelles comme offrande aux divinités. L’élévation de sa fumée vers les cieux évoquait un lien entre la terre – lieu de résidence des humains – et le ciel – lieu de résidence des divinités. En tant que contenant de l’encens en combustion, l’encensoir devint un instrument indispensable de la liturgie, et fut adopté dans les cérémonies chrétiennes. Ce n’est cependant qu’au terme d’un débat théologique long de plusieurs siècles que son usage aurait été accepté par l’ensemble de la communauté chrétienne et s’est pérennisé jusqu’à nos jours.Pourtant, malgré une reconnaissance générale de son utilisation dans le culte, les connaissances autour de ces objets, et notamment ceux en métaux non précieux, sont disparates, car le sujet semble avoir peu intéressé. En témoignent les datations et provenances aléatoires qui sont attribuées à ces objets en fonction de leur lieu de conservation. Ils ont, en effet, longtemps été ornés de motifs évoquant l’esthétique médiévale et ce bien après la fin de la période, ce qui brouille l’analyse. Afin d’y remédier et de saisir les principales étapes de leurs évolutions, nous avons examiné différentes facettes des encensoirs, mais notre recherche a délaissé, sauf à titre de contextualisation et de comparaison, les productions les mieux étudiées, pour se concentrer sur les productions métalliques plus banales en alliages cuivreux produites en France du XIIe au XVIIe siècle.Nous avons démarré notre enquête au XIIe siècle, car aucun témoin matériel antérieur n’a pu être repéré, et la terminons au XVIIe siècle. Cette seconde borne temporelle s’appuie sur deux arguments, un technologique et l’autre esthétique. Le XVIIe siècle marque la fin de l’utilisation d’une ornementation médiévale sur les encensoirs, mais c’est également à cette période que la bossetterie remplace temporairement la fonte pour les productions les moins prestigieuses. L’échelle d’analyse de cette étude a été double grâce à la constitution de deux corpus de témoins matériels l’un portant sur l’ensemble du territoire français (corpus A) et le second sur un territoire présentant un nombre important d’items et des problématiques intéressantes : l’Auvergne (corpus B). Cela a permis de garder une perspective spatiale double et complémentaire.Ce travail se divise en trois grandes parties, une première s’attache à édifier la base méthodologique de ce travail en s’attardant sur les problématiques spécifiques à l’étude des encensoirs (chapitre 1), puis en expliquant la méthodologie d’enquête utilisée. Des corpus de différentes natures ont ainsi été constitués : deux corpus d’objets, un corpus de représentations d’encensoirs et enfin une enquête archivistique également menée en Auvergne (chapitre 2). Le dernier chapitre dresse un état de l’art des études sur l’encens et les encensoirs (chapitre 3). La deuxième partie de cette étude consiste en une enquête documentaire et matérielle. Le chapitre 4 expose les principaux usages de l’encensoir ainsi que ses symboliques liturgiques vues aussi bien par l’analyse de traités liturgiques que de représentations de ces objets. Le chapitre 5 constitue une étude complète des deux corpus d’objets constitués aussi bien d’un point de vue stylistique que de datation ou de provenance. La dernière partie de cette thèse constitue une analyse du contexte socio-économique entourant à ces objets. Le chapitre 6 tente de reconstituer la chaîne opératoire des encensoirs depuis la circulation des matières premières jusqu’à leur réparation. Enfin, les deux derniers chapitres s’intéressent à la postérité des encensoirs médiévaux, qu’il s’agisse de leur réception critique au XIXe siècle (chapitre 7) ou de leur conservation jusqu’à nos jours (chapitre 8)

La châsse du cloaque : analyse de fragments d'appliques médiévales

Le 17 mars 1911, cent-cinquante appliques en laiton et alliage cuivreux sont découvertes au cours d’un chantier de construction à Oude Ebbingstraat dans la ville néerlandaise de Groningen, reposant dans les fondations de ce qui devait devenir un magasin. Les fouilles archéologiques menées à la suite de cette découverte déterminèrent que ces fragments avaient été jetés dans un cloaque du XVIe siècle dont l’accès avait été muré au XVIIe. Parmi ces éléments se trouvaient neuf appliques en laiton..

Pharmacovigilance des essais cliniques (application de la directive européenne 2001/20/CE à un promoteur non commercial)

LYON1-BU Santé (693882101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Critical slowing down at a bifurcation

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

ABL tyrosine kinase inhibition variable effects on the invasive properties of different triple negative breast cancer cell lines.

The non-receptor tyrosine kinase ABL drives myeloid progenitor expansion in human chronic myeloid leukemia. ABL inhibition by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib is a first-line treatment for this disease. Recently, ABL has also been implicated in the transforming properties of solid tumors, including triple negative (TN) breast cancer. TN breast cancers are highly metastatic and several cell lines derived from these tumors display high invasive activity in vitro. This feature is associated with the activation of actin-rich membrane structures called invadopodia that promote extracellular matrix degradation. Here, we investigated nilotinib effect on the invasive and migratory properties of different TN breast cancer cell lines. Nilotinib decreased both matrix degradation and invasion in the TN breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB 231 and MDA-MB 468. However, and unexpectedly, nilotinib increased by two-fold the invasive properties of the TN breast cancer cell line BT-549 and of Src-transformed fibroblasts. Both display much higher levels of ABL kinase activity compared to MDA-MB 231. Similar effects were obtained by siRNA-mediated down-regulation of ABL expression, confirming ABL central role in this process. ABL anti-tumor effect in BT-549 cells and Src-transformed fibroblasts was not dependent on EGF secretion, as recently reported in neck and squamous carcinoma cells. Rather, we identified the TRIO-RAC1 axis as an important downstream element of ABL activity in these cancer cells. In conclusion, the observation that TN breast cancer cell lines respond differently to ABL inhibitors could have implications for future therapies

Selection and characterization of potential probiotic bacteria for Litopenaeus stylirostris shrimp hatcheries in New Caledonia

In New Caledonia, shrimp hatcheries are confronted with mass mortality in the larval stages, a phenomenon poorly understood as no specific causative agent has been identified. This has resulted in an excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics, although their adverse effects in aquaculture are notorious. The present work was thus aimed at selecting potential probiotic strains for penaeid hatcheries. From a pool of more than 400 marine bacterial isolates sampled from the local marine environment seven strains exhibited in vitro antagonistic activity towards Vibrio harveyi. These isolates were characterized both phenotypically and genotypically using a biochemical approach and 16S rDNA sequencing. Six out of these seven strains were found to belong to the genus Pseudoalteromonas, the last one belonging to the Vibrionaceae family and related to the Harveyi clade. Selected probiotic candidates were individually tested for antagonistic activities in vitro using a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelled transconjugant of V. harveyi and for inherent pathogenicity towards cultured shrimp larvae at two different developmental stages. This approach enabled rapid processing and selection of candidates to be tested in our experimental hatchery. Four different experiments were conducted to test candidate strains either alone or in combination. Repeated trials showed that postlarval survival was significantly improved by adding the strain NC201 individually to the rearing water compared to unchallenged controls. The analysis of immune-related gene expressions showed that the Litsty PEN3 transcript abundance of larvae was significantly increased after being reared in probiotic-containing water; however no significant difference in lysozyme gene expression was recorded in this study. Together, these results open new insights into the use of these strains as potential substitutes to antibiotherapy in shrimp larval rearing in New Caledonia

The medical value and cost-effectiveness of an exercise test for sport preparticipation evaluation in asymptomatic middle-aged white male and female athletes

International audienceBACKGROUND: Cardiovascular events related to high-intensity sport practice are rare but dramatic. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of these events after the age of 35 years. The value of a maximal exercise test (ET) for detection of athletes at risk remains a matter of debate. AIM: The aim of this prospective multicentre study was to clarify the medical value and cost-effectiveness of an ET in middle-aged white asymptomatic athletes who participate in high-intensity sport. METHODS: All athletes had a physical examination, assessment of cardiovascular risk factors, a resting electrocardiogram and an ET. In case of abnormal ET, complementary cardiovascular evaluation was performed, when requested, to detect potential cardiovascular disease. RESULTS: 1361 asymptomatic athletes (mean age 50.4±9.6 years; mean training 5.1±3.2h/week; 10.4% women) with a normal resting electrocardiogram and without cardiovascular disease were consecutively included. An abnormal ET was reported in 144 subjects (94% men); this was positively related to the subject's age and cardiovascular risk level. Cardiac arrhythmias (48%) and CAD symptoms (33.3%) were mainly reported. Cardiovascular disease was confirmed in 24 cases (1.7% from the whole population; 16.7% from those with an abnormal ET) - mainly CAD (n=12) and arterial hypertension (n=8). Seventy athletes presented significant unexplained arrhythmias. The cost was approximately €8450 for every confirmed case of cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: In this multicentre study in middle-aged athletes, a systematic ET was abnormal in 10.6% of cases. About 2% of subjects had cardiovascular disease, mainly arrhythmias and CAD. From these results, it seems that in a trained population aged >35 years, ET should be targeted at men with at least two cardiovascular risk factors, with acceptable cost-effectiveness