ОБОСНОВАНИЕ НАУЧНОЙ ПРОБЛЕМЫ, АКТУАЛЬНОСТИ ТЕМЫ, ОБЪЕКТА И ПРЕДМЕТА ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ

It is shown how in the beginning the researchers correctly identified the urgency of the chosen direction, the wording threads object, and the subject of research and other methodological characteristics of scientific work. The concept of “scientific problem” cannot be identified with the concept of “the issue”, as is sometimes done. Relevance of the topic determined by the need of practice, the novelty and significance of the results of the study. The wording should reflect the theme of its relevance, rather than the direction of the study. It should be deleted in the title of the research topic the banal words “study”, “improvement”, etc., which provides a priori features of scientific activity and focuses on the completeness of the work, both in scientific and practical terms. Do not set a clear object; the researcher can prevent rough methodological errors that lead to errors in acquiring new knowledge and the development of research results in practice. By category of research on agricultural mechanization subject of study is the identification of patterns of unknown relationships, dependencies interaction of working bodies of art.Показано, как в начале пути исследователям правильно определиться с актуальностью выбранного направления, формулировками темы, объекта, предмета исследования и другими методологическими характеристиками научной работы. Понятие «научной проблемы» нельзя отожествлять с понятием «вопрос», как это иногда делается. Актуальность темы определяется потребностью практики, новизной и значимостью получаемых результатов исследования. Формулировка темы должна отражать её актуальность, а не направления исследования. Необходимо исключить в названии темы исследования наличие банальных слов «исследование», «совершенствование» и т. п., что априори предусматривается особенностями научной деятельности и не ориентирует на законченность работы, как в научном, так и практическом плане. Не установив четко объект, исследователь может допустить грубые методологические ошибки, которые приведут к ошибкам в получении новых знаний и освоении результатов исследования в практике. По тематике исследований по механизации сельского хозяйства предметом исследования является выявление закономерностей, неизвестных связей, зависимостей взаимодействия рабочих органов техники

Обоснование разработки технологического паспорта зерноуборочных комбайнов

Dynamics of grain crops productivity in the main grain growing regions of Siberian Federal District is presented. Major factors shoud be considered at justification of a class of combine harvesters for their effective operation in various climatic and working conditions. loading efficiency of a combine thresher depends on productivity and operating width of windrowers or headers at straight-cutting and windrowing. A tailings maintenance in the threshed grain heap influences on the harvester capacity. Certificate capacity of combines of a class of 5-12 kg/s at the 1.5 percent admissible level of losses behind a combine thresher is depending on the tailings maintenance in the threshed grain heap. In accordance to analysis the capacity of combines of any class of the classical design increases by 1.45 times at reduction of a straw content from 1.5 to 0.7 relative to standard indicators, and decreases by 1.16 times at increase of this parameter to 2.3. The combine of a class of 7 kg/s is completely loaded when pickup threshing by harvesters with a operating width of 20; 16 and 12 m at a speed of movement 7.2; 9.0 and 12.0 km/h respectively. The combine of a class of 10 kg/s at crop productivity of 1.8 t/ha will be completely loaded when pickup threshing if the operating width is 20 m and the speed equals 12 km/h, and at the width of 16 m speed has to make 13 km/h. The content of the technological certificate by the example of use of combines of a class of 7 kg/s (GS-07) and 10 kg/s (GS-10) is proved. The algorithm of determination of the movement speed is presented. Its use provides certificate loading of a thresher when threshing of grain crops with different productivity at straight-cutting and windrowing.Представлена динамика урожайности зерновых культур в основных зернопроизводящих регионах Сибирского федерального округа. Выявлены основные факторы, которые необходимо учитывать при обосновании класса зерноуборочных комбайнов, чтобы их применение было эффективным в различных природно-климатических и производственных условиях. Определена степень загрузки молотилки комбайнов в зависимости от урожайности и ширины захвата валковых жаток и хедеров при раздельной и прямой уборке. Выявлено влияние содержания незерновой части в обмолачиваемой хлебной массе на пропускную способность комбайнов. Показаны изменения паспортной пропускной способности комбайнов класса 5-12 кг/с при допустимом уровне потерь за молотилкой комбайна 1,5 процента в зависимости от содержания незерновой части в составе обмолачиваемой хлебной массы. Согласно рассчетам, при уменьшении соломистости с 1,5 до 0,7 нормативного показателя пропускная способность комбайнов любого класса классической схемы возрастает в 1,45 раза, а при увеличении соломистости до 2,3 нормативного показателя этот параметр снижается в 1,16 раза. Комбайн класса 7 кг/с полностью загружается на обмолоте валков, скошенных жатками с рабочей шириной захвата 20, 16 и 12 м при скорости движения соответственно 7,2; 9,0 и 12,0 км/ч. Комбайн класса 10 кг/с при урожайности 18 ц/га полностью будет загружен при обмолоте валков, скошенных при ширине захвата 20 м и скорости 12 км/ч, а при ширине захвата 16 м скорость должна составлять 13 км/ч. Обосновано содержание технологического паспорта на примере использования комбайнов класса 7 кг/с (GS-07) и 10 кг/с (GS-10). Представлен алгоритм определения скорости движения, обеспечивающей паспортную загрузку молотилки на обмолоте зерновых культур разной урожайности прямым или раздельным способом уборки

An assessment of upper ocean salinity content from the ocean reanalyses inter-comparison project (ORA-IP)

Many institutions worldwide have developed ocean reanalyses systems (ORAs) utilizing a variety of ocean models and assimilation techniques. However, the quality of salinity reanalyses arising from the various ORAs has not yet been comprehensively assessed. In this study, we assess the upper ocean salinity content (depth-averaged over 0–700 m) from 14 ORAs and 3 objective ocean analysis systems (OOAs) as part of the Ocean Reanalyses Intercomparison Project. Our results show that the best agreement between estimates of salinity from different ORAs is obtained in the tropical Pacific, likely due to relatively abundant atmospheric and oceanic observations in this region. The largest disagreement in salinity reanalyses is in the Southern Ocean along the Antarctic circumpolar current as a consequence of the sparseness of both atmospheric and oceanic observations in this region. The West Pacific warm pool is the largest region where the signal to noise ratio of reanalysed salinity anomalies is >1. Therefore, the current salinity reanalyses in the tropical Pacific Ocean may be more reliable than those in the Southern Ocean and regions along the western boundary currents. Moreover, we found that the assimilation of salinity in ocean regions with relatively strong ocean fronts is still a common problem as seen in most ORAs. The impact of the Argo data on the salinity reanalyses is visible, especially within the upper 500m, where the interannual variability is large. The increasing trend in global-averaged salinity anomalies can only be found within the top 0–300m layer, but with quite large diversity among different ORAs. Beneath the 300m depth, the global-averaged salinity anomalies from most ORAs switch their trends from a slightly growing trend before 2002 to a decreasing trend after 2002. The rapid switch in the trend is most likely an artefact of the dramatic change in the observing system due to the implementation of Argo

On Solving Statistical Problems for the Stochastic Processes by the Sufficient Empirical Averaging Method

A problem of the statistical estimation of stochastic process functionals is considered. The sufficient empirical averaging method is used. The method requires the existence of the complete sufficient statistics for unknown parameters. Some examples are considered

Justification of working out of combine harvesters technological certificate

Dynamics of grain crops productivity in the main grain growing regions of Siberian Federal District is presented. Major factors shoud be considered at justification of a class of combine harvesters for their effective operation in various climatic and working conditions. loading efficiency of a combine thresher depends on productivity and operating width of windrowers or headers at straight-cutting and windrowing. A tailings maintenance in the threshed grain heap influences on the harvester capacity. Certificate capacity of combines of a class of 5-12 kg/s at the 1.5 percent admissible level of losses behind a combine thresher is depending on the tailings maintenance in the threshed grain heap. In accordance to analysis the capacity of combines of any class of the classical design increases by 1.45 times at reduction of a straw content from 1.5 to 0.7 relative to standard indicators, and decreases by 1.16 times at increase of this parameter to 2.3. The combine of a class of 7 kg/s is completely loaded when pickup threshing by harvesters with a operating width of 20; 16 and 12 m at a speed of movement 7.2; 9.0 and 12.0 km/h respectively. The combine of a class of 10 kg/s at crop productivity of 1.8 t/ha will be completely loaded when pickup threshing if the operating width is 20 m and the speed equals 12 km/h, and at the width of 16 m speed has to make 13 km/h. The content of the technological certificate by the example of use of combines of a class of 7 kg/s (GS-07) and 10 kg/s (GS-10) is proved. The algorithm of determination of the movement speed is presented. Its use provides certificate loading of a thresher when threshing of grain crops with different productivity at straight-cutting and windrowing

QUALIFICATIONS FRAMEWORK DEVELOPMENT AND QUALIFICATIONS RATING IN THE LAND MANAGEMENT SPHERE

The aim of the research is to observe the existing approaches to qualifications framework development in the sphere of land management, cadastres and real estate management, as well as the qualifications framework adaptation to European system. The relevance of the issue is related to the specific professional and institutional problems facing Russian educational establishments engaged in personnel training in the given sphere. The authors demonstrate the qualifications framework development in the land management sector regarding it as a key mechanism of educational mobility and the router for knowledge acquisition and updates. The qualifications framework is referred to as a systematic and structured description of recognized qualifications. The accepted worldwide methodology of organizing the educational process and quality control system is given. The emphasis is on the need to comply the qualifications framework with the Russian State Educational Standards

Qualifications framework development and qualifications rating in the land management sphere

The aim of the research is to observe the existing approaches to qualifications framework development in the sphere of land management, cadastres and real estate management, as well as the qualifications framework adaptation to European system. The relevance of the issue is related to the specific professional and institutional problems facing Russian educational establishments engaged in personnel training in the given sphere. The authors demonstrate the qualifications framework development in the land management sector regarding it as a key mechanism of educational mobility and the router for knowledge acquisition and updates. The qualifications framework is referred to as a systematic and structured description of recognized qualifications. The accepted worldwide methodology of organizing the educational process and quality control system is given. The emphasis is on the need to comply the qualifications framework with the Russian State Educational StandardsЦель статьи – рассмотреть возможные подходы к разработке квалификационных рамок в области землеустройства, кадастров и управления недвижимостью и их адаптации к европейским рамкам квалификаций. Актуальность обсуждаемой проблемы связана с тем, что российские учебные учреждения, занимающиеся подготовкой кадров для указанной сферы, в процессе интеграции в европейское образовательное пространство сталкиваются с существенными трудностями как специфического профессионального, так и институционального характера. Показан процесс формирования отраслевой рамки квалификаций (ОКР), которая представляет собой системное, структурированное по уровням описание признаваемых квалификаций и является, по мнению авторов, ключевым механизмом образовательной мобильности, своеобразным маршрутизатором процесса получения и обновления знаний. Представлена принятая в мировом сообществе методология организации учебно-методического процесса и системы контроля качества. Подчеркивается, что разрабатываемые квалификационные рамки должны быть соотнесены с содержанием государственного образовательного стандарта Р

The local ensemble transform Kalman filter and the running-in-place algorithm applied to a global ocean general circulation model

The most widely used methods of data assimilation in large-scale oceanography, such as the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) algorithm, specify the background error covariances and thus are unable to refine the weights in the assimilation as the circulation changes. In contrast, the more computationally expensive Ensemble Kalman Filters (EnKF) such as the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF) use an ensemble of model forecasts to predict changes in the background error covariances and thus should produce more accurate analyses. The EnKFs are based on the approximation that ensemble members reflect a Gaussian probability distribution that is transformed linearly during the forecast and analysis cycle. In the presence of nonlinearity, EnKFs can gain from replacing each analysis increment by a sequence of smaller increments obtained by recursively applying the forecast model and data assimilation procedure over a single analysis cycle. This has led to the development of the "running in place" (RIP) algorithm by Kalnay and Yang (2010) and Yang et al. (2012a,b) in which the weights computed at the end of each analysis cycle are used recursively to refine the ensemble at the beginning of the analysis cycle. To date, no studies have been carried out with RIP in a global domain with real observations. <br><br> This paper provides a comparison of the aforementioned assimilation methods in a set of experiments spanning seven years (1997–2003) using identical forecast models, initial conditions, and observation data. While the emphasis is on understanding the similarities and differences between the assimilation methods, comparisons are also made to independent ocean station temperature, salinity, and velocity time series, as well as ocean transports, providing information about the absolute error of each. Comparisons to independent observations are similar for the assimilation methods but the observation-minus-background temperature differences are distinctly lower for LETKF and RIP. The results support the potential for LETKF to improve the quality of ocean analyses on the space and timescales of interest for seasonal prediction and for RIP to accelerate the spin up of the system