近代報刊小說轉載編年史

自梁啟超宣導“小説界革命”後，小説的地位驟然上升，報刊這一新傳播方式的出現，更有力地推動了小説的發展，人們的閲讀熱情也相應高漲。刊載小説可擴大報刊銷量，但當創作落後於傳播的發展時，許多報刊都面臨稿源不足的問題，轉載其他報刊上作品的現象由此而産生。本文以編年體展現了報刊小説轉載現象的萌生與逐步蔓延，其中涉及轉載的作品、報刊、各種廣告與告白，以及與之相關的各種事件。由於是按時序排列，轉載現象發展態勢顯示得較爲清晰，可供近代報刊小説研究者參考

Hypercapsule is the cornerstone of Klebsiella pneumoniae in inducing pyogenic liver abscess

PurposeTo investigate the mechanisms of Klebsiella pneumoniae-induced pyogenic liver abscess (PLA).MethodsForty-three K. pneumoniae strains from PLAs and 436 from non-PLAs were collected. Their differences were compared for virulence genes and factors, sequence types, and serotypes. Virulence genes wzi, wzy-K1, and wzi+wzy-K1 were deleted in K. pneumoniae NTUH-K2044. Various analyses, such as transmission electron microscopy, neutrophil killing tests, and mouse lethality tests, were used to confirm the consequent changes.ResultsDifferences were found between K. pneumoniae strains from PLA and non-PLA samples for virulence genes and factors, including metabolism genes (allS and peg-344), capsular polysaccharide (CPS)-synthesis channel gene (wzy-K1), CPS-regulating genes (p-rmpA, p-rmpA2, and c-rmpA), and siderophore genes (iucA and iroN). When wzy-K1 was positive, the difference between PLA and non-PLA samples was only observed with c-rmpA. Δwzi, Δwzy-K1, and ΔwziΔwzy-K1 strains reverted to hypovirulence. In the Kupffer cell stimulation assay, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-β secretions were found to be equivalent in NTUH-K2044, Δwzi, Δwzy-K1, and ΔwziΔwzy-K1 groups. Lower IL-1β and higher tumor necrosis factor-α secretions were observed for Δwzi, Δwzy-K1, and ΔwziΔwzy-K1.ConclusionsHypercapsule production is the cornerstone of hypervirulence, regardless of exopolysaccharides. K1 K. pneumoniae-induced PLA may decrease core inflammatory cytokines rather than increase anti-inflammatory cytokines. Exopolysaccharides could also attenuate the inflammatory response to aid in the immune escape of K. pneumoniae

Analysis of microRNA turnover in mammalian cells following Dicer1 ablation

Although microRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression, little is known of their overall persistence in the cell following processing. Characterization of such persistence is key to the full appreciation of their regulatory roles. Accordingly, we measured miRNA decay rates in mouse embryonic fibroblasts following loss of Dicer1 enzymatic activity. The results confirm the inherent stability of miRNAs, the intracellular levels of which were mostly affected by cell division. Using the decay rates of a panel of six miRNAs representative of the global trend of miRNA decay, we establish a mathematical model of miRNA turnover and determine an average miRNA half-life of 119 h (i.e. ∼5 days). In addition, we demonstrate that select miRNAs turnover more rapidly than others. This study constitutes, to our knowledge, the first in-depth characterization of miRNA decay in mammalian cells. Our findings indicate that miRNAs are up to 10× more stable than messenger RNA and support the existence of novel mechanism(s) controlling selective miRNA cellular concentration and function

Increased CD45RA+FoxP3low Regulatory T Cells with Impaired Suppressive Function in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

BACKGROUND: The role of naturally occurring regulatory T cells (Treg) in the control of the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has not been well defined. Therefore, we dissect the phenotypically heterogeneous CD4(+)FoxP3(+) T cells into subpopulations during the dynamic SLE development. METHODLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To evaluate the proliferative and suppressive capacities of different CD4(+) T cell subgroups between active SLE patients and healthy donors, we employed CD45RA and CD25 as surface markers and carboxyfluorescein diacetatesuccinimidyl ester (CFSE) dilution assay. In addition, multiplex cytokines expression in active SLE patients was assessed using Luminex assay. Here, we showed a significant increase in the frequency of CD45RA(+)FoxP3(low) naive Treg cells (nTreg cells) and CD45RA(-)FoxP3(low) (non-Treg) cells in patients with active SLE. In active SLE patients, the increased proportions of CD45RA(+)FoxP3(low) nTreg cells were positively correlated with the disease based on SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) and the status of serum anti-dsDNA antibodies. We found that the surface marker combination of CD25(+)CD45RA(+) can be used to defined CD45RA(+)FoxP3(low) nTreg cells for functional assays, wherein nTreg cells from active SLE patients demonstrated defective suppression function. A significant correlation was observed between inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-12 and TNFα, and the frequency of nTreg cells. Furthermore, the CD45RA(+)FoxP3(low) nTreg cell subset increased when cultured with SLE serum compared to healthy donor serum, suggesting that the elevated inflammatory cytokines of SLE serum may promote nTreg cell proliferation/expansion. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results indicate that impaired numbers of functional CD45RA(+)FoxP3(low) naive Treg cell and CD45RA(-)FoxP3(low) non-suppressive T cell subsets in inflammatory conditions may contribute to SLE development. Therefore, analysis of subsets of FoxP3(+) T cells, using a combination of FoxP3, CD25 and CD45RA, rather than whole FoxP3(+) T cells, will help us to better understand the pathogenesis of SLE and may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies

Enhancements to 4.4 BSD UNIX for Efficient Networked Multimedia in Project MARS

Cluster based architectures that employ high performance inexpensive Personal Computers (pcs) interconnected by high speed commodity interconnect have been recognized as a cost-effective way of building high performance scalable Multimedia-On-Demand (mod)storage servers [4, 5, 7, 9]. Typically, the pcs in these architectures run operating systems such as unix that have traditionally been optimized for interactive computing. They do not provide fast disk-tonetwork data paths and guaranteed cpu and storage access. This paper reports enhancements to the 4.4 bsd unix system carried out to rectify these limitations in the context of our Project Massively-parallel And Real-time Storage (MARS) [7]. We have proposed and implemented the following enhancements to a 4.4 bsd compliant public domain NetBSD unix operating system: (1) A new kernel buffer management system called Multimedia M-buf (mmbuf) which shortens the data path from a storage device to network interface, (2) priority queueing..

Enhancements to 4.4 BSD UNIX for Efficient Networked Multimedia in Project MARS

Cluster based architectures that employ high performance inexpensive Personal Computers (pcs) interconnected by high speed commodity interconnect have been recognized as a cost-effective way of building high performance scalable Multimedia-On-Demand storage servers [1, 3, 4]. Typically, the pcs in these architectures run operating systems such as unix that have traditionally been optimized for interactive computing. They do not provide fast disk-to-network data paths and guaranteed cpu and storage acccess. This paper reports enhancements to the 4.4 bsd unix system carried out to rectify these limitations in the context of our Project Massively-parallel And Realtime Storage (MARS) [3]. We have proposed and implemented the following enhancements to a 4.4 bsd compliant public domain NetBSD unix operating system: (1) A new kernel buffer management system called Multimedia M-buf (mmbuf) which is used to shorten the data path from a storage device to network output device, (2) priority queu..

Enhancements to 4.4 BSD UNIX for Efficient Networked Multimedia in Project MARS

Cluster based architectures that employ inexpensive Personal Computers (PCs) interconnected by high speed commodity interconnect have been recognized as a cost-effective way of building high performance scalable Multimedia-OnDemand (MOD) storage servers [3, 4, 6, 8]. Typically, the PCs in these architectures run operating systems such as UNIX that have traditionally been optimized for interactive computing and lack fast disk-to-network data paths and support for guaranteed CPU and storage access. In this paper we report design, implementation and performance measurements of innovative enhancements to 4.4 BSD UNIX carried out to rectify these limitations in the context of our Massively-parallel And Real-time Storage (MARS) project [6]. We have proposed and implemented the following enhancements to a 4.4 BSD compliant public domain NetBSD UNIX operating system: (1) A new kernel buffer management system called Multimedia M-buf (mmbuf) which shortens the data path from a storage devic..

The Impact of Central Heating on the Urban Thermal Environment Based on Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images

Research on the impact of anthropogenic heat discharge in a thermal environment is significant in climate change research. Central heating is more common in the winter in Northeast China as an anthropogenic heat. This study investigates the impact of central heating on the thermal environment in Shenyang, Changchun, and Harbin based on multi-temporal land surface temperature retrieval from remote sensing. An equivalent heat island index method was proposed to overcome the problem of the method based on a single-phase image, which cannot evaluate all the central heating season changes. The method improves the comprehensiveness of a thermal environment evaluation by considering the long-term heat accumulation. The results indicated a significant increase in equivalent heat island areas at night with 22.1%, 17.3%, and 19.5% over Shenyang, Changchun, and Harbin. The increase was significantly positively correlated with the central heating supply (with an R-value of 0.89 for Shenyang, 0.93 for Changchun, and 0.86 for Harbin; p < 0.05). The impact of central heating has a more significant effect than the air temperature. The results provide a reference for future studies of urban thermal environment changes

Formation and distribution of tuffaceous tight reservoirs in the Permian Tiaohu Formation in the Malang sag, Santanghu Basin, NW China

Based on analysis of major and trace elements, observation of thin sections, cathodoluminescence and scanning electron microscope of tuff samples, in combination with the restoration of paleotopography in the Malang sag, the formation and distribution characteristics of the Permian Tiaohu Formation tuff tight reservoirs in the Santanghu Basin are examined. The analysis shows that the tuff samples of the Tiaohu Formation are acid-intermediate, and they are the product of the end of the volcanic eruption cycle. The tuff reservoir rock includes vitric tuff, crystal-vitric tuff, and pelitic tuff, among which, vitric tuff has the best physical properties, followed by crystal-vitric tuff, and pelitic tuff is the poorest. Vitric tuff is usually distributed further away from the crater zone laterally and vertically in the central-lower part of the tuff. Crystal-vitric tuff, mostly interbedded with vitric tuff, is usually distributed near the crater zone laterally and also vertically in the central-lower part of the tuff. Pelitic tuff is generally distributed far away from the volcanic crater on the plane, and in the upper part of the tuff vertically. Types of tuffs are affected by the distance from the volcanic activity belt, and the thickness of tuff is controlled by both volcanic activity belt and sedimentary paleotopography. Thus, depositional depressions on both sides of volcanic activity belt are the favorable locations for the development of tuff. It is predicted that there are five thickness centers of tuff in the Tiaohu Formation of Malang sag (Wellarea M1, L1, M56, M7 and southwest of M7), of which the biggest thickness of tuff is up to approximately 40 m. Key words: tuff, tight oil, paleotopography, Tiaohu Formation, Malang sag, Santanghu Basi