Embodied Carbon Dioxide Emissions of the World Economy: A Systems Input-Output Simulation for 2004

AbstractPresented in this study is an empirical analysis of embodied carbon dioxide (CO2) emission originated in fossil fuels combustion for the world economy in 2004 using a systems input-output simulation. A global embodied CO2 intensity database associated with 112 regions and 57 sectors is constructed, based on which the regional embodiment inventories are compiled to investigate the emissions instigated by particular economic activities. Globally, CO2 emissions embodied in household fossil fuels combustion, in household commodity consumption, in government commodity consumption, and in investment are 3.99, 13.83, 2.07, and 5.22 Gt, respectively. As an indicator to reveal the average occupation of carbon welfare, regional per capita CO2 emission embodied in domestic final demand varies from 0.12 t in Ethiopia to 45.16 t in Rest of North America. The severe inequality between regions is further confirmed by the high Gini coefficients for CO2 emissions (0.56 for direct emission and 0.58 for embodiment). And finally, the interregional carbon leakage in terms of net leakage, spill-over, and diversion is illustrated via dividing the world into three coalitions according to respective economic statuses

How to guide a sustainable industrial economy: Emergy account for resources input of Chinese industry

AbstractEmergy analysis provides a feasible approach to evaluate the status and position of different energy carriers in the universal energy hierarchy. In this paper, an emergy-based method is conducted to measure the resources input of Chinese industry from 1997 to 2006. Resources inflows including fossil fuels, mineral resources, agricultural products, and other imported materials are accounted, based on which related indicators including resources intensity, industrial output, and environmental emissions are investigated. Results show a steady upward trend for the total resources input of Chinese industry during the past decade. The total resources input amounted to 1.53×1025 sej in 2006, of which non-renewable one accounted for 70.65% owing to the dominating input of fossil fuels and nonmetal minerals. Resources intensity measured by the ratio of resources input to industrial value added declined gradually during 1997–2002, but the rapid expansion of resource–intensive sub–sectors resulted in a reverse trend since 2003. The current resources use pattern of Chinese industry is characterized by increasing input of non-renewable resources, excessive expansion of resource–intensive production, and tremendous challenge from environmental pressure

Criss-crossing Laser Beams Zoom Electrons Along

Crossing two high-intensity laser beams in a plasma (a collection of charged particles) can have some interesting effects. In a recent experiment performed by researchers at the University of Michigan and the Institute of Physics in China, energy from a higher-power laser pulse was transferred to a lower-power laser pulse. The lower-power pulse had been accelerating electrons with its wakefield (like a wave accelerating a surfer). The extra energy to this lower-power pulse enhanced the electron acceleration and decreased the divergence of the electron beam. These features are desirable for proposed laser particle accelerators that would be powered by relatively inexpensive and convenient laser light, which is much more powerful than conventional radio-frequency waves

A grotesque variant of Silurus asotus (Teleostei: Siluridae) from Hongshuihe River basin, Guizhou, China

One grotesque catfish specimen was collected in Zhangjiang River (upper reach of a secondary tributary of Hongshuihe River) in Libo County, Guizhou Province, China. This specimen bears surprising character of four dorsal fins, which have not appeared in any other silurid fishes. But other morphological characters, such as two pairs of barbels, lower jaw projecting beyond upper jaw, the first dorsal fin with one un-branched ray and 4 branched rays, mouth cleft shallow, anterior spine margin of pectoral spine prominently serrated, vomerine tooth band continuous across midline, show much similarities with that of Silurus asotus. This result supports that this variant originated from S. asotus for some special causations. The present study provided description and comparison with S. asotus

Crystal Structure, Infrared Spectra, and Microwave Dielectric Properties of Temperature-Stable Zircon-Type (Y,Bi)VO<inf>4</inf> Solid-Solution Ceramics

A series of (Bi 1-x Y x )VO 4 (0.4 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) ceramics were synthesized using the traditional solid-state reaction method. In the composition range of 0.4 ≤ x ≤ 1.0, a zircon-type solid solution was formed between 900 and 1550 °C. Combined with our previous work (scheelite monoclinic and zircon-type phases coexist in the range of x < 0.40), a pseudobinary phase diagram of BiVO 4 -YVO 4 is presented. As x decreased from 1.0 to 0.40, the microwave permittivity (ϵ r ) of (Bi 1-x Y x )VO 4 ceramics increased linearly from 11.03 to 30.9, coincident with an increase in the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (TCF) from -61.3 to +103 ppm/°C. Excellent microwave dielectric properties were obtained for (Bi 0.3 Y 0.7 )VO 4 sintered at 1025 °C and (Bi 0.2 Y 0.8 )VO 4 sintered at 1075 °C with ϵ r ∼ 19.35, microwave quality factor (Qf) ∼ 25 760 GHz, and TCF ∼ +17.8 ppm/°C and ϵ r ∼ 16.3, Qf ∼ 31 100 GHz, and TCF ∼ -11.9 ppm/°C, respectively. Raman spectra, Shannon's additive rule, a classical oscillator model, and far-infrared spectra were employed to study the structure-property relations in detail. All evidence supported the premise that Bi-based vibrations dominate the dielectric permittivity in the microwave region

A REAL TIME MONITORING MODEL OF THE CALCIUM CARBONATE FOULING INDUCTION PERIOD BASED ON THE CONDUCTANCE TITRATION

A new method has been developed to monitor the calcium carbonate fouling induction period (CCFIP) in real time. Based on the conductance titration, this paper investigated the forming process of CCFIP by a staticdynamic combined simulation experiment unit. With the help of titration analysis (that is titrimetry), an accurate definition of CCFIP and the corresponding real time monitoring model were built up. The investigation results show that the proposed model applies not only to measure the CCFIP in real time, but also applies to an investigation of the influence of various factors on the CCFIP

Preferential etching by flowing oxygen on the (100) surfaces of HPHT single-crystal diamond

Application of diamond is determined by its oxidation behaviour in some measure. Oxidation process of single-crystal diamond prepared under high pressure and high temperature has been studied by the thermal analysis, scanning electron microscope and Raman spectrometer. The result of a simultaneous thermal analysis indicates that single-crystal diamond is oxidized at ~ 818 °C at a heating rate of 5°C/min in the flowing oxygen. Based on the data of the thermal analysis at different heating rates, the activation energy is calculated by the Kissinger method. A weight loss rate increases with the rising heat treatment temperature from 600 to 800°C. After the oxidation at 800 °C, etch pits emerge on the {100} surfaces of single-crystal diamond, while the {111} surfaces are smooth. Shapes of the etch pits on the {100} surfaces are inverted pyramidal hollows, with edges direction parallel to the direction.Застосування алмазу в якійсь мірі визначається його поведінкою при окисленні. За допомогою термічного аналізу, скануючої електронної мікроскопії і спектроскопії комбінаційного розсіювання світла вивчено процес окислення монокристалічного алмазу, отриманого при високому тиску і високій температурі. Одночасний термічний аналіз показав, що монокристалічний алмаз окислюється при ~ 818 °С при швидкості нагріву 5 °С/хв в потоці кисню. На основі даних термічного аналізу при різних швидкостях нагрівання розраховано енергію активації за методом Кіссінджера. Швидкість втрати ваги зростає з підвищенням температури термообробки від 600 до 800 °C. Після окислення при температурі 800 °С ямки травлення з’являються на поверхні {100} монокристалічного алмазу, в той час як поверхні {111} гладкі. Форма ямок на поверхнях {100} – перевернуті пірамідальні западини з ребрами в напрямку паралельному .Применение алмаза в какой-то мере определяется его поведением при окислении. С помощью термического анализа, сканирующей электронной микроскопии и спектроскопии комбинационного рассеяния света изучен процесс окисления монокристаллического алмаза, полученного при высоком давлении и высокой температуре. Одновременный термический анализ показывает, что монокристаллический алмаз окисляется при ~ 818 °С при скорости нагрева 5 °С/мин в потоке кислорода. На основе данных термического анализа при различных скоростях нагрева рассчитана энергия активации по методу Киссинджера. Скорость потери веса возрастает с повышением температуры термообработки от 600 до 800 °C. После окисления при температуре 800 °С ямки травления появляются на поверхности {100} монокристаллического алмаза, в то время как поверхности {111} гладкие. Форма ямок на поверхностях {100} – перевернутые пирамидальные впадины с ребрами в направлении параллельном

A polarized beam splitter using an anisotropic medium slab

The propagation of electromagnetic waves in the anisotropic medium with a single-sheeted hyperboloid dispersion relation is investigated. It is found that in such an anisotropic medium E- and H-polarized waves have the same dispersion relation, while E- and H-polarized waves exhibit opposite amphoteric refraction characteristics. E- (or H-) polarized waves are positively refracted whereas H- (or E-) polarized waves are negatively refracted at the interface associated with the anisotropic medium. By suitably using the properties of anomalous refraction in the anisotropic medium it is possible to realize a very simple and very efficient beam splitter to route the light. It is shown that the splitting angle and the splitting distance between E- and H- polarized beam is the function of anisotropic parameters, incident angle and slab thickness.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figure