Una cartografía de las desigualdades y los conflictos desde los sistema mundo

Los mapas siempre nos ayudan a tener una visión, si no exacta, por lo menos general, de los fenómenos; el libro reseñado es eso, un mapa particular de las crisis globales vistas desde la investigación para la paz y la teoría de los sistema mundo, como acercamientos teórico-metodológicos a las desigualdades, los con ictos y las violencias que se producen en estas nuevas relaciones NorteSur. Sin embargo, es una cartografía que analiza las crisis de los países centrales, que los hacen transitar a las fronteras de lo periférico y sus consecuencias para los países considerados periféricos

La violencia mediática: un estudio de caso

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo plantear cómo se representa la violencia en los medios de comunicación, para ese efecto se realiza un análisis de notas periodísticas referentes a la realidad del Estado de México, en los meses de junio a agosto de 2005 -periodo de actividad electoral-, a partir de dos periódicos, uno netamente lo cal (El Sol de Toluca) y otro de corte nacional, en su sección "Estado" (Reforma). Para lograr dicho objetivo se ocupó como metodología el análisis del discurso, específicamente en su variante de las macroestructuras semánticas (resumen, titular y encabezamiento de la nota periodística), sobre las cuales se efectúa un análisis del tipo y forma de la argumentación; es decir, las macroestructuras entendidas como ese conjunto jerárquico de temas que conforman la estructura temática del texto, permitió centrar el análisis en el problema de la violencia, identificar los elementos dominantes, examinar la gama de diferencias y diversidad de estilos, así como la diversidad de discursos que la prensa construye en torno a la violencia. Describir los discursos, en gen eral, y los de la violencia, en particular, nos posibilita comprender de qué manera la prensa, en tanto institución mediática, tiene un papel importante en la construcción de la realidad

Imprecise Prior for Imprecise Inference on Poisson Sampling Model

Prevalence is a valuable epidemiological measure about the burden of disease in a community for planning health services; however, true prevalence is typically underestimated and there exists no reliable method of confirming the estimate of this prevalence in question. This thesis studies imprecise priors for the development of a statistical reasoning framework regarding this epidemiological decision making problem. The concept of imprecise probabilities introduced by Walley (1991) is adopted for the construction of this inferential framework in order to model prior ignorance and quantify the degree of imprecision associated with the inferential process. The study is restricted to the standard and zero-truncated Poisson sampling models that give an exponential family with a canonical log-link function because of the mechanism involved with the estimation of population size. A three-parameter exponential family of posteriors which includes the normal and log-gamma as limiting cases is introduced by applying normal priors on the canonical parameter of the Poisson sampling models. The canonical parameters simplify dealing with families of priors as Bayesian updating corresponds to a translation of the family in the canonical hyperparameter space. The canonical link function creates a linear relationship between regression coefficients of explanatory variables and the canonical parameters of the sampling distribution. Thus, normal priors on the regression coefficients induce normal priors on the canonical parameters leading to a higher-dimensional exponential family of posteriors whose limiting cases are again normal or log-gamma. All of these implementations are synthesized to build the ipeglim package (Lee, 2013) that provides a convenient method for characterizing imprecise probabilities and visualizing their translation, soft-linearity, and focusing behaviours. A characterization strategy for imprecise priors is introduced for instances when there exists a state of complete ignorance. The learning process of an individual intentional unit, the agreement process between several intentional units, and situations concerning prior-data conflict are graphically illustrated. Finally, the methodology is applied for re-analyzing the data collected from the epidemiological disease surveillance of three specific cases – Cholera epidemic (Dahiya, 1973), Down’s syndrome (Zelterman, 1988), and the female users of methamphetamine and heroin (B ̈ ohning, 2009)

Launch Order, Launch Separation, and Loiter in the Constellation 1 1/2-Launch Solution

The NASA Constellation Program (CxP) is developing a two-element Earth-to-Orbit launch system to enable human exploration of the Moon. The first element, Ares I, is a human-rated system that consists of a first stage based on the Space Shuttle Program's solid rocket booster (SRB) and an upper stage that consists of a four-crew Orion capsule, a service module, and a Launch Escape System. The second element, Ares V, is a Saturn V-plus category launch system that consists of the core stage with a cluster of six RS-68B engines and augmented with two 5.5-segment SRBs, a Saturn-derived J-2X engine powering an Earth Departure Stage (EDS), and the lunar-lander vehicle payload, Altair. Initial plans called for the Ares V to be launched first, followed the next day by the Ares I. After the EDS performs the final portion of ascent and subsequent orbit circularization, the Orion spacecraft then performs a rendezvous and docks with the EDS and its Altair payload. Following checkout, the integrated stack loiters in low Earth orbit (LEO) until the appropriate Trans-Lunar Injection (TLI) window opportunity opens, at which time the EDS propels the integrated Orion Altair to the Moon. Successful completion of this 1 1/2-launch solution carries risks related to both the orbital lifetime of the assets and the probability of achieving the launch of the second vehicle within the orbital lifetime of the first. These risks, which are significant in terms of overall system design choices and probability of mission success, dictated a thorough reevaluation of the launch strategy, including the order of vehicle launch and the planned time period between launches. The goal of the effort described in this paper was to select a launch strategy that would result in the greatest possible expected system performance, while accounting for launch risks and the cost of increased orbital lifetime. Discrete Event Simulation (DES) model of the launch strategies was created to determine the probability of a second launch not occurring in a timely fashion (i.e., before the assets waiting in LEO expire). An overview of the launch strategy evaluation process is presented, along with results of specific cases that were analyzed. A high-level comparison of options is then presented, along with the conclusion derived from the analysis

Micro-Logistics Analysis for Human Space Exploration

Traditionally, logistics analysis for space missions has focused on the delivery of elements and goods to a destination. This type of logistics analysis can be referred to as "macro-logistics". While the delivery of goods is a critical component of mission analysis, it captures only a portion of the constraints that logistics planning may impose on a mission scenario. The other component of logistics analysis concerns the local handling of goods at the destination, including storage, usage, and disposal. This type of logistics analysis, referred to as "micro-logistics", may also be a primary driver in the viability of a human lunar exploration scenario. With the rigorous constraints that will be placed upon a human lunar outpost, it is necessary to accurately evaluate micro-logistics operations in order to develop exploration scenarios that will result in an acceptable level of system performance

Denúncia, imaginário e Internet: como as redes sociais agendaram a mídia local a abordar a postura de estudantes fantasiados de Ku Klux Klan em escola de Salvador

O I Encontro Internacional do MALOCA Grupo de Estudos Multidisciplinares em Urbanismos e Arquiteturas do Sul teve por objetivo apresentar os resultados do seu primeiro triênio (2014-2016) e debater os rumos das pesquisas do grupo para o triênio 2017-2019. Divulgamos agora os Anais Eletrônicos do I Encontro, que aconteceu em outubro de 2017 na Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana (UNILA). Confiram no link: https://revistas.unila.edu.br/anaismaloca/index :)O presente trabalho propõe uma reflexão em torno do papel social do jornalismo enquanto mediador das relações em sociedade, como instrumento social pautado na defesa dos princípios expressos na Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos – como apontado pelo Código de Ética dos Jornalistas Brasileiros –, e na qualidade de fomentador da construção do imaginário coletivo, a partir de estudo referente à cobertura dos meios de comunicação sobre o caso dos alunos de colégio particular em Salvador, Bahia, que se vestiram de membros da Ku Klux Klan em atividade escolar. Parte da população soteropolitana utilizou-se das redes sociais como espaço de denúncia, apresentação de ideias e discussão sobre o caso dos estudantes, agendando (McCOMBS; SHAW, 1972) a mídia local a cobrir o caso. Dessa forma, observa-se que a internet se configura como lugar de exercício de cidadania, pela participação direta política e social dos indivíduos, demonstrando a força que esse espaço tem socialmente como fomentador de discussões que serão reverberadas pela mídia (HABERMAS, 1984). Assim, compreenderemos como se deu a cobertura da mídia convencional sobre o caso a partir desse agendamento, através da análise de notícias publicadas em portais online da mídia localComplaint, imaginary and internet: how social networks set the local media to cover the attitudes of students dressed as Ku Klux Klan in a school in Salvador The present work proposes a reflection about the social role of journalism qua mediator of relations in society, as a social instrument based on the defense of the principles expressed on the Universal Declaration of Humans Rights – in accordance with the Brazilian journalists‘ ethical code –, and in quality of promoter of collective imaginary construction, from a study of the coverage of the media on the case of students of a private school in Salvador, Bahia, who dressed as Ku Klux Klan members in a school activity. Part of Salvador‘s population used social networks as a space of complaint, presentation of ideas and discussion of the case, setting (McCOMBS; SHAW, 1972) the local media to cover it. Thus, it is observed that the internet becomes a place of citizenship practice, through direct, social and political participation of individuals, evidencing the strength this space has socially as promoter of discussions that are reverberated by the media (HABERMAS, 1984). So, we understand how the media covered the case from this scheduling, through the analysis of news published on online sites of the local mediaGrupo de Estudos Multidisciplinar em Urbanismo e Arquitetura do Sul - MALOC

Potential Advantages of Conducting Short Duration Visits to the Martian Surface

Recent NASA concepts for human missions to Mars, including the Evolvable Mars Campaign and Design Reference Architecture 5.0, have focused on the conduct of missions with long duration stays on the Martian surface. The decision to focus on long duration missions (typically to a single site) is driven by a desire to increase the perceived sustainability of the human Mars campaign, predicated on the assumption that sustainability is best achieved by maximizing the level of activity on the surface, providing for continuous growth in operations, and promoting pioneering of Mars. However, executing a series of long duration missions to a single site is not the only option for human exploration of Mars that has been proposed. Other architectures have been evaluated that focus on missions with short duration surface stays, with each mission visiting a separate site on the surface. This type of architecture is less efficient in that elements are not typically reused from one mission to the next but requires a far less complex surface architecture. There are potentially valid arguments to be made that a short duration, multiple site approach could result in different types of advantages when compared to the long duration, single site approach to Mars exploration, particularly for initial human missions to Mars. These arguments revolve around four areas: Achieved Value, Risk Mitigation, Developmental Affordability, and Operational Affordability & Flexibility. The question of Achieved Value relates to the prioritization of goals for Martian exploration. As discussed, goals related to pioneering and expanding human presence are often referenced as justifications for the long duration approach. However, there are other competing goals, including science and exploration. While there is not a clear consensus among planetary scientists, many have argued that the value of being able to visit multiple sites could outweigh the value of continually visiting a single site. Risk Mitigation is a major concern for initial human missions to Mars. There are a number of hazards related to operating on the Martian surface that are not well characterized. It may be desirable to conduct a series of short duration missions to better understand the nature of these risks prior to committing to a long duration mission. Developmental Affordability relates to the ability of NASA and its partners to develop and deploy the proposed architecture. Any human missions to Mars will be among the most complex endeavors ever undertaken. The capabilities that must be developed to enable any human Mars missions are extremely challenging. The total design, development, test, and evaluation (DDT&E) budget required to develop just the essential capabilities alone will be substantial. If additional surface capabilities are required to support long duration surface stays, the development effort could be unaffordable. Operational Affordability & Flexibility relates to the continued costs to execute the Mars campaign. Long duration missions, even with some amount of in-situ resource utilization, require a significant level of resupply for every mission. This requires additional launches and in-space transportation assets, increasing the operational complexity and total operational cost. This paper will explore each of the four potential advantages of short duration missions in detail. The authors will present comparisons between proposed long duration and short duration architectures through an evaluation of relevant performance, cost, and risk metrics

Astronaut Mass Balance for Long Duration Missions

Human spaceflight logistics requirements are strongly driven by the daily living needs of the astronauts, including their biological functions. Oxygen, water and food are absolute requirements to sustain life and must be supplied at adequate rates. However, these rates can vary from day to day and from person to person. Beyond the body's immediate physical needs, water is also required for important health and hygiene functions within the spacecraft. Undesirable weight loss or gain aside, human waste product mass outputs will equal the inputs over time, resulting in an average astronaut mass balance. Best values, as well as range of variability for inputs and outputs are explored at both the individual physiological level and the spacecraft level. These values are important for design of life support and habitability systems as well as for mission planning of consumables. Current spacecraft life support systems are not fully closed loop, but the International Space Station (ISS) does recycle most of its air and water. The astronaut mass balances at the personal and vehicle level can have different impacts at different levels of system closure. Recommendations are made for a consistent set of values representing a realistic average astronaut mass balance over reasonable durations for exploration missions

Low Earth Orbit Rendezvous Strategy for Lunar Missions

On January 14, 2004 President George W. Bush announced a new Vision for Space Exploration calling for NASA to return humans to the moon. In 2005 NASA decided to use a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) rendezvous strategy for the lunar missions. A Discrete Event Simulation (DES) based model of this strategy was constructed. Results of the model were then used for subsequent analysis to explore the ramifications of the LEO rendezvous strategy