Cross-country differences in unemployment : fiscal policy, unions, and household preferences in general equilibrium

We develop a five period overlapping generations model with individuals who differ by ability and with an imperfect labour market (union wage setting) for the individuals of lower ability. The model explains human capital formation, hours worked and unemployment within one coherent framework. Its predictions match the differences in the unemployment rate across 12 OECD countries remarkably well. A Shapley decomposition of these differences reveals an almost equal role for fiscal policy variables and union preferences. As to fiscal policy, differences in unemployment benefits play a much more important role than tax differences. Differences in households’ taste for leisure are unimportant

Systematic review and evidence synthesis of non-cervical human papillomavirus-related disease health systems costs and quality of life estimates

BACKGROUND: Many economic evaluations of human papillomavirus vaccination should ideally consider multiple disease outcomes, including anogenital warts, respiratory papillomatosis and non-cervical cancers (eg, anal, oropharyngeal, penile, vulvar and vaginal cancers). However, published economic evaluations largely relied on estimates from single studies or informal rapid literature reviews. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of articles up to June 2016 to identify costs and utility estimates admissible for an economic evaluation from a single-payer healthcare provider's perspective. Meta-analyses were performed for studies that used same utility elicitation tools for similar diseases. Costs were adjusted to 2016/2017 US$. RESULTS: Sixty-one papers (35 costs; 24 utilities; 2 costs and utilities) were selected from 10 742 initial records. Cost per case ranges were US$124-US$883 (anogenital warts), US$6912-US$52 579 (head and neck cancers), US$12 936-US$51 571 (anal cancer), US$17 524-34 258 (vaginal cancer), US$14 686-US$28 502 (vulvar cancer) and US$9975-US$27 629 (penile cancer). The total cost for 14 adult patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis was US$137 601 (one paper).Utility per warts episode ranged from 0.651 to 1 (12 papers, various utility elicitation methods), with pooled mean EQ-5D and EQ-VAS of 0.86 (95% CI 0.85 to 0.87) and 0.74 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.75), respectively. Fifteen papers reported utilities in head and neck cancers with range 0.29 (95% CI 0.0 to 0.76) to 0.94 (95% CI 0.3 to 1.0). Mean utility reported ranged from 0.5 (95% CI 0.4 to 0.61) to 0.65 (95% CI 0.45 to 0.75) (anal cancer), 0.59 (95% CI 0.54 to 0.64) (vaginal cancer), 0.65 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.70) (vulvar cancer) and 0.79 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.84) (penile cancer). CONCLUSIONS: Differences in values reported from each paper reflect variations in cancer site, disease stages, study population, treatment modality/setting and utility elicitation methods used. As patient management changes over time, corresponding effects on both costs and utility need to be considered to ensure health economic assumptions are up-to-date and closely reflect the case mix of patients

Low referral completion of rapid diagnostic test-negative patients in community-based treatment of malaria in Sierra Leone

ABSTRACT

Synergies vs. Spheres of Influence in the Pan-European Space. Report prepared for the Policy Planning Staff of the Federal Foreign Office of Germany. CEPS Paperbacks. April 2009

This report investigates whether and how the European Union, in its policies towards Russia, the Eastern partner countries and Central Asia, might build stronger common programmes and projects across these three political ‘spaces’. The aim would be to secure synergies between actions that are presently segmented between these three regions, and especially to induce Russia to become a genuinely cooperative positive-sum game player in the wider European neighbourhood, rather than to continue its efforts to rebuild the former Soviet Union space as its sphere of influence. With this aim in mind, this report examines various policy sectors for the opportunities they present for cooperative action between the EU, Russia, Eastern Europe and Central Asia. The tantalising idea is that the current global financial and economic crisis might become the tipping point to set in motion a change of strategic attitudes and thence a cascade of cooperative actions of the kinds outlined in this report

Privatization discontent and its determinants: evidence from Latin América

While most economists usually believe that privatization policy is socially beneficial, it faces increasing opposition in several countries. In this paper we wish to discover the ingredients in a recipe for privatization discontent. To do so we focus on Latin America, where there is wide evidence of popular opposition to privatization. We use the results of Latinobarometro (2002), a survey of a representative sample of 18501 individuals in 17 countries as our dependent variable of perception, and a privatization dataset on the same countries, including sectoral disaggregation, time profiles, proceeds, number of shares and other variables for each country. We use a set of macrovariables as controls, and test our prior beliefs on the determinants of policy failure in this area. Our main finding is that disagreement with privatization is more likely when the respondent is poor, privatization was large and quick, involved a high proportion of public services as water and electricity, and the country suffered adverse macroeconomic shocks in a condition of high disequality of incomes. Moreover, the more the respondent is educated, the more adverse to privatization he or she is. We suggest that these results depict a broadly consistent picture of privatization discontent that points to a combination of perceived distributional concerns that should be addressed by future research and policy design.Mientras que la mayoría de los economistas piensa que las políticas de privatización son socialmente beneficiosas existe una creciente oposición en varios países. Este trabajo pretende descubrir los determinantes de ese descontento en Latinoamérica. Usamos una muestra de 18501 individuos en 17 países como variable dependiente de percepción y datos de los países sobre privatizaciones e indicadores macro. Nuestros resultados muestran que el desacuerdo con las privatizaciones es más probable cando el entrevistado es pobre, las privatizaciones fueron rápidas y masivas, incluyeron agua y electricidad, el país es muy desigual y sufrió shocks macro adversos. Cuanto más educado es el entrevistado mayor es su oposición a las privatizaciones. En general, la aversión está asociada con preocupaciones de los individuos acerca de la distribución del ingreso.Facultad de Ciencias Económica

Arabia. Divisione schematica dei riti o Scuole mussulmane / compilato da M. Checchi ; sulle indicazioni fornite dal Dott. Adriano Lanzoni

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