Ratio Estimators in Simple Random Sampling Using Information on Auxiliary Attribute

Some ratio estimators for estimating the population mean of the variable under study, which make use of information regarding the population proportion possessing certain attribute, are proposed. Under simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) scheme, the expressions of bias and mean-squared error (MSE) up to the first order of approximation are derived. The results obtained have been illustrated numerically by taking some empirical population considered in the literature.Comment: 7 page

Changes in colour and mechanical properties of wood polypropylene composites on natural weathering

This comparative study focused on understanding the effect of coupling agent and particle size on weathering behaviour of wood polypropylene composite. Two coupling agents, namely maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene and m-TMI (m-Isopropenyl-a,a- dimethylbenzyl isocyanate) grafted polypropylene were used in preparation of the composites. The composites were exposed to outdoor conditions for one year and changes in surface colour and mechanical properties were measured after 2, 4, 8 and 12 months of natural weathering. During the initial four months of weathering considerable colour change was observed with increase in lightness.  Mechanical properties were unaffected largely for the initial four months and thereafter started declining.  Overall, tensile strength decreased by about 15 % and flexural strength decreased by about 8 % after one year of weathering. The flexural modulus also decreased by about 10 %. Wood particle size was found to affect the aesthetic and strength of the composites after natural weathering. Coupling agents had a positive impact on mechanical properties however their influence on weathering degradation was not noticeable

Clinicopathological profile and yield of fibreoptic bronchoscopy in 30 cases of lung carcinoma

Background: The study aims to identify the diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy along with clinico-pathological profile of 30 confirmed cases of lung cancer during a 6-months period.Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the diagnostic yield bronchial brushing (BB), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and brush biopsy specimens obtained at fibre-optic bronchoscopy for patients with lung cancer and their clinico-pathological characteristics studied.Results: Of 30 patients who underwent fibre-optic bronchoscopy examination brush cytology was diagnostic in 17 patients (68%) brush biopsy in 5 patients (20%) and BAL cytology in 4 patients (16%) with adenocarcinoma in 13 patients (43%), non-small cell carcinoma in 1 (3%), large cell carcinoma in 1 (3%), squamous cell carcinoma in 5 (16%), small cell carcinoma in 5 (16%). The most common Symptom was cough in 25 (83%) followed by chest pain in 22 (73.3%), breathlessness in 14 (46.6%), fever in 13 (43.3%), anorexia in 11 (36.6%), weight loss in 10 (33.3%), hoarseness of voice and haemoptysis in 5 (16.6%) and dysphagia in 1 (3.3%).Conclusions: In bronchoscopic procedure the highest yield is of brush cytology with adenocarcinoma being the most common type with presenting complaint of cough and chest pain. The prevalence of lung cancer is more common among males and commonly being located in right upper lobe

AUXILIARY INFORMATION AND A PRIORI VALUES IN CONSTRUCTION OF IMPROVED ESTIMATORS

This volume is a collection of six papers on the use of auxiliary information and a priori values in construction of improved estimators. The work included here will be of immense application for researchers and students who employ auxiliary information in any form. Below we discuss each paper: 1. Ratio estimators in simple random sampling using information on auxiliary attribute. Prior knowledge about population mean along with coefficient of variation of the population of an auxiliary variable is known to be very useful particularly when the ratio, product and regression estimators are used for estimation of population mean of a variable of interest. However, the fact that the known population proportion of an attribute also provides similar type of information has not drawn as much attention. In fact, such prior knowledge can also be very useful when a relation between the presence (or absence) of an attribute and the value of a variable, known as point biserial correlation, is observed. Taking into consideration the point biserial correlation between a variable and an attribute, Naik and Gupta (1996) defined ratio, product and regression estimators of population mean when the prior information of population proportion of units, possessing the same attribute is available. In the present paper, some ratio estimators for estimating the population mean of the variable under study, which make use of information regarding the population proportion possessing certain attribute are proposed. The expressions of bias and mean squared error (MSE) have been obtained. The results obtained have been illustrated numerically by taking some empirical populations considered in the literature

ANALYZING THE EXPERIENCE OF ONLINE USERS USING B2C WEBSITES

Volume 2 Issue 1 (January 2014

A CONCEPTUAL STUDY ON SWABHAVOPARAM VADA IN CONTEXT TO NIDANA PARIVARJANA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS MECHANISM USEFUL IN MADHUMEHA (TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS)

The scientific art of living called as Ayurveda is based upon the basic ancient science of way of living as well as reliable on the philosophical grounds. Ayurveda has its roots in the Philosophical sciences and has its applications. The fundamentals or principles are based upon the experiments which were done by our Acharya so many times. And due to this, these ancient rules and code of conduct are still applicable in this modern world. But modern science wants evidence-based study and hence, so many experiments with well observations, investigations were going on to convince the people of the modern world for the validity of these ancient concepts. So, the concepts of Swabhavoparam Vada (Basic Principle of Ayurveda) with its application must be studied thoroughly. This concept “Swabhavoparam Vada” insists on the Homeostasis or Natural Destruction. According to which disease will subside due to natural destruction phenomenon & maintaining of Dhatu Samya is done. That happens due to the fundamental of “Hetu-Hetorvaratananam” which implies to avoid the causative factors (Nidana Parivarjana) responsible for causing a disease. So, this study is an effort to understand the relationship of Swabhvaoparama Vada & Nidana Parivarjana and how this principle is used in the Madhumeha disease (Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus), which is a metabolic disorder and relied upon the Diet and Lifestyle

Contamination, enrichment and translocation of heavy metals in certain leafy vegetables grown in composite effluent irrigated soil

The present investigation was carried out to determine the contamination, enrichment and translocation of heavy metals in vegetables viz., spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) grown in the composite effluent (mixture of industrial and domestic wastewater) irrigated soil. The composite effluent of Hindon River was significantly (P<0.05/P<0.01) loaded with different physical (TDS, EC), chemical (pH, BOD5, COD, Cl –, TKN, PO43-, SO42-, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+), heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn) and microbial  (total bacteria, total fungi, total coliform and yeast) parameters in comparison to the ground water. The composite effluent irrigation significantly (P<0.05) altered the soil characteristics like EC, pH, PO43-, K+, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Pb in the soil used for the cultivation of S. oleracea, T. foenum-graecum and C. sativum. The composite effluent irrigation significantly increased the contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn in the S. oleracea, T. foenum-graecum and C. sativum. The enrichment factor of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn in vegetables was recorded to be plant part specific after irrigation with composite effluent. The enrichment factor of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn were recorded in the order of Cd>Zn>Pb> Fe>Cr>Mn>Cu for S. oleracea, Cd>Zn>Fe>Mn>Pb>Cr>Cu for T. foenum-graecum and Cd>Zn>Pb>Fe>Cu>Mn>Cr for C. sativum after irrigation with composite effluent. Therefore, disposal of sewage and industrial effluents in the Hindon River must be strictly prohibited to save the existence of the Hindon River and irrigation practices using composite effluent should also be banned to prevent the possible health hazards due to consumption of contaminated vegetables