Development of Carbonaceous Chemistry for Computational Modeling (C3M) with Application of Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) Analysis for Coal Gasification Kinetics in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Modeling

In association with Department of Energy.s National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), a software platform entitled Carbonaceous Chemistry for Computational Modeling (C3M) that can access a variety of kinetic processes and reaction mechanisms typically found in coal gasification, gas clean-up, and carbon capture processes, has been developed to overcome the limitations in terms of applicable operating conditions and fuel types. It interfaces with CFD software such as Multiphase Flow with Interphase Exchanges (MFIX) developed at NETL, ANSYS-FLUENT by ANSYS Inc., and BARRACUDA by CPFD Software and provides relevant parameters to simulate chemical kinetics and/or to replicate laboratory data. The reaction kinetics data in C3M are provided by one or more detailed reaction models such as PC Coal Lab (PCCL), Chemical Percolation Model for Coal Devolatilization (CPD), Solomon.s Functional-Group, Depolymerization, Vaporization, Cross-linking (FGDVC) model, or through experimental data generated at NETL. Algorithms were written to create this interface and to extract the kinetic information from all models. This functionality provides the CFD user with a framework to conduct virtual kinetic experiments to evaluate kinetic predictions as a function of fuel and sorbent type and/or operating conditions. The effort on the user.s part to search, analyze and to check the accuracy of the kinetics of interest is drastically reduced. Validity and compatibility of C3M kinetics were tested by implementing them in a (2-D) transport gasifier and in an industrial GE Texaco gasifier model (1-D). The predicted exit gas composition and trends of gas species matched very closely with the experimental and industrial data. To improve the kinetic database, a detailed coal/biomass derived soot literature review was completed. It was found that there is a gap in coal derived soot formation and gasification kinetics for high temperature and pressure operating conditions. In addition to the kinetic studies, uncertainty quantification (UQ) techniques were employed in the CFD models to study the variations of chemical reaction kinetics in a coal gasifier. The uncertainty in exit gas composition based on the variations in input parameters such as temperature, pressure, heating rate and coal feed composition were implemented. Changes in devolatilization product yields (such as mass fractions of CO, CO2, H2, tar, H2O, and CH4 along with total volatile yield) were used as response variables and were recorded and correlated based on distributions of input parameters such as temperature, pressure and heating rates. The correlations among the response variables and input parameters were investigated by computing a correlation matrix. The uncertainties in output responses were in close agreement with data reported in literature. This study strongly suggested the importance of considering uncertainties in chemical reaction kinetics in CFD modeling

CFD analysis of Metallic Foam-Filled Triple Tube Concentric Heat Exchanger

Aim: To enhance the heat transfer rate using metal foams. The performance of Triple tube coaxial heat exchanger is evaluated using CFD simulation technique for different mass-flow rates, where the flow pattern is kept counter-current. A metal foam is placed in the inner annulus of the middle pipe. Water is used as a working fluid in all the tubes but their temperatures were kept different for heat transfer to take place. Hot water flowing through the middle pipe transfers the heat to the fluids flowing through the other pipes due to the temperature difference but in this case the amount of heat transferred is more compared to that in plain tube due to the addition of aluminum foam. For middle pipe in which foam is placed, the temperature and pressure drops are plotted for the hot water against the mass flow rates both for with and without foam conditions. Results shows that the temperature drop decreases with the increase in mass flow rate whereas the pressure drop increases with the increase in mass-flow rate. The noticeable content of the report is that, the temperature and pressure drop in tube with foam was more compared to that in tube without foam. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15051

Albumin Based Iohexol Nanoparticles for Computed Tomography: An In Vivo Study

Iohexol is a commonly used second generation non-ionic iodinated contrast agent with a multitude of advantages such as low osmolarity and competent intravenous countenance having minimum adverse reactions. Our study anticipated to improve the efficacy of Iohexol as a contrast enhancing agent for Computed Tomography, by envisaging bio-compatible albumin based Iohexol nanoparticles. This nanoparticulate system was developed primarily to enhance the anatomic imaging while increasing its residence time in the blood pool. Towards this goal, we developed Iohexol albumin nanoparticles using glutaraldehyde as a cross linking agent, and Polyethylene glyocol Iohexol albumin nanoparticles by physical adsorption to ameliorate its circulation time. These formulations were studied in comparison to the clinically available Iopamidol™. Both Iohexol albumin nanoparticles and Polyethylene glyocol Iohexol albumin nanoparticles were characterized for its size, physicochemical properties and entrapment efficiency. Iohexol albumin nanoparticles showed a size range of 254±5 nm and post surface modification the size of Polyethylene glyocol Iohexol albumin nanoparticles was found to be 283±7 nm in diameter, with and entrapment efficiency Iohexol as of 85%. Further, In vivo computed tomography imaging in New Zealand white rabbits for the developed formulations manifested an enhancement in the anatomical structures of heart, liver and kidneys along with an increased residence time in the blood pool of 3 h in contrast to Iopamidol™. Our study interprets that Polyethylene glyocol Iohexol albumin nanoparticles have prolonged residence time producing much greater conspicuity of anatomic features and warrants further detail study of the formulation in disease models

Management of Dadru Kushtha with Ayurveda Intervention - A Case Study

Dadru is one of the common form of Skin disease affecting all age groups. Dadru is a Tridosha vitiated condition. Dadru is closely associated with Tinea infection. The present case of Dadru shows remarkable results by combination of Internal and external treatment by Ayurveda drugs

Climate-Smart Agriculture in Nepal: Champion technologies and their pathways for scaling up

This policy brief synthesises key findings and recommendations for decision-making under uncertainty in the agriculture sector in Nepal. This brief highlights the methodologies used for selection of champion climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices for different agro-ecological regions of Nepal and recommendations for scaling up the champion CSA technologies and practices in Nepal. Adaptation to climate change in the agricultural sector and allied sectors is a major current and future challenge for Nepal. The majority of the population is still dependent on highly climate-sensitive agriculture. In recent years, long drought spells during the monsoon season and increased temperatures and unseasonal heavy rains during winter have caused serious distress to agriculture-dependent communities in many locations. If the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of ending poverty, achieving food security and promoting sustainable agriculture are to be realised, climate change adaptation interventions need to be implemented in earnest

Development and Validation of Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Estimation of Rilpivirine Hydrochloride in Tablet Dosage Form

A simple, sensitive, rapid and reproducible HPLC Method was developed and validated for estimation of Rilpivirine in the presence of degradation products generated from forced decomposition studies. The analysis was carried out on Hypersil BDS C18, 250 X 4.6mm, 5? column using a mixture of ammonium acetate Buffer (pH to 6.0 0.05) and Acetonitrile in the proportion 55:45 respectively as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/minute. The wavelength selected for the analysis was 300 nm. The peak for Rilpivirine HCl was observed at 10.33 minute. A linear response was observed in the range of 12.5 - 62.5 ?g/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. The obtained results were indicating that the method is selective in analysis of Rilpivirine in the presence of degradation products formed under various stress conditions

The Effect of Cooling Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy during Submerged Friction Stir Welding

Submerged friction stir welding (SFSW) is a new modification of friction stir welding. In this paper, 6 mm thick 6061Al-T6 alloy plates were welded using the friction stir technique under normal air and submerged water conditions at 108 mm/min welding speeds and a rotational rate of 900 rpm. The cooling water temperature in SFSW varied at 0 °C, 35 °C, and 80 °C to clarify the effect of water temperature. The characteristic hourglass-shaped stir zone was observed in the macrostructure of all the samples. All the samples exhibited defect-free joints. The results revealed that the finer grain size of 2.43 μm was at 0 °C. The macrostructure of SFSW joints separated into the shoulder-driven zone and pin-driven zone due to the low-temperature difference between the environment and water media and the high heat absorption capacity of the water, which caused a more substantial cooling rate during water-submerged welded joints. The microhardness distribution of all the joints showed typical “W” shape characteristics. The microhardness for all submerged samples was higher than in normal air conditions due to the higher thermal cycling effect in submerged conditions. Improved dynamic recrystallization in the joint welded at 80 °C resulted in the highest tensile strength (~249 MPa) and microhardness (~95 HV)

A comparative study of circulating plasma lipid components and superoxide dismutase activity in pre and postmenopausal women

Background: Menopause is associated with increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidative activity in females which leads to increased risk of cardiovascular and many other diseases. The objective was to compare the lipid profiles and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of pre and postmenopausal women in an attempt to establish the fact that menopause is associated with increased oxidative stress.Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was done at the department of obstetrics and gynaecology and biochemistry, Shri Mahant Indiresh Hospital, Dehradun, India. Out of total of 120 women, 60 women were in premenopausal group aged between 30-45 years and 60 women of 55-70 years of age group in post menopause status. Assessment of lipid profile was done by an automated chemistry analyzer (Vitors 5, I FS) and SOD activity was measured by colorimetric activity kit. Statistical analysis was done by Standard Microsoft Excel software.Results: Mean serum SOD level in premenopausal women was 4.80±1.73 U/ml and in postmenopausal was 1.35±0.58 U/ml. This variation was found to be extremely significant (p <0.0001). Changes in lipid components in pre and postmenopausal women showed that total cholesterol and triglycerides levels were higher in postmenopausal than premenopausal participants. These variations were also significant (p = 0.0003). Levels of HDL-C were lower in postmenopausal women than pre-menopausal group with a mean±SD of 51.5±12.20 mg/dl and 54.05±14.03mg/dl respectively.Conclusions: Findings of this study corroborate the hypothesis that gradual loss of ovarian function is associated with a decrease in antioxidant status. Menopause also leads to changes in lipid components, which can predispose women to cardiovascular diseases

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF ELVITEGRAVIR (EVG) IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS

ABSTRACT A simple, rapid, precise and economical spectrophotometric method has been developed for quantitative analysis of Elvitegravir (EVG) in manufactured tablet formulation. The stock solution and subsequent dilution of Elvitegravir was done in methanol. The standard solution of Elvitegravir in methanol showed absorption maxima at 313.00 nm. The drug obeyed Beers-Lamberts Law in the concentration range of 1-100 μg/mL with coefficient of correlation (R 2 ) was 0.999 . The method can be adopted in routine analysis of Elvitegravir in bulk and tablet dosage form and it involves relatively low cost solvents and no complex extraction technique

WITHDRAWN: Recent advances in compression-coated tablets as a controlled drug delivery system

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