Evolution of sex determination and sex chromosomes in snakes

Snakes form with almost 3700 described species more than one third of all squamate reptiles. The vast majority of snake species belong to the group Caenophidia, which is the best explored group of snakes for sex chromosomes. In contrast, sex chromosomes of the two other groups of snakes - Scolecophidia and Henophidia have so far been paid little attention. All snakes studied so far possess genotypic sex determination. Representatives of all Caenophidian families were observed with a female heterogamety sex determination system (ZZ/ZW) and it was widely accepted that this system was common to all snakes. This claim was recently refuted when a male heterogamety (XX/XY) was confirmed in a python (Python bivittatus) and a boa (Boa imperator), two representatives of Henophidia. In Henophidia, besides the XX/XY system, the ZZ/ZW system was reported in the only known representative of this group with heteromorphic sex chromosomes - A. sp. cf. dumerili. Sex chromosomes or sex determination systems are unknown in Scolecophidia. Caenophidian heteromorphic sex chromosomes have enabled the study of the phenomena associated with the gradual differentiation of sex chromosomes. These include W chromosome degeneration, the accumulation of repetitive elements, the fast Z phenomena, gene dosage compensation, and...Hadi tvoří se svými téměř 3700 popsanými druhy více než třetinu všech šupinatých plazů. Naprostá většina hadích druhů patří do skupiny Caenophidia, která je nejlépe prozkoumanou skupinou hadů co se týče pohlavních chromozomů. Naproti tomu pohlavním chromozomům dvou ostatních skupin hadů - Scolecophidia a Henophidia byla zatím věnována jen malá pozornost. Všichni dosud studovaní hadi mají genotypové určení pohlaví. U zástupců všech čeledí Caenophidia byl pozorován systém určení pohlaví se samičí heterogamií (ZZ/ZW) a dlouho bylo obecně přijímáno, že je tento systém všem hadům společný. Toto tvrzení bylo nedávno vyvráceno, když byl u krajty Python bivittatus a hroznýše Boa imperator, dvou zástupců Henophidia, potvrzen systém určení pohlaví se samčí heterogamií (XX/XY). Ve skupině Henophidia kromě XX/XY systému povrzen i ZZ/ZW systém a to u jediného známého zástupce této skupiny s heteromorfními pohlavními chromozomy - A. sp. cf. dumerili. Pohlavní chromozomy ani systém určení pohlaví není znám u žádého zástupce skupiny Scolecophidia. Heteromorfní pohlavní chromozomy skupiny Caenophidia umožnily studium jevů spojených s postupnou diferenciací pohlavních chromozomů. Mezi tyto jevy patří degenerace W chromozomu, akumulace repetitivní elementů, fenomén rychlého Z chromozomu, kompenzace genové dávky a...Department of EcologyKatedra ekologieFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Effect of an exhaust opening location on air quality in an apartment

Diplomová práce se zabývá vlivem polohy odváděcích výustek na kvalitu vzduchu. Podkladem pro tuto studii je obytná místnost v experimentálním domě, v němž se zkoumá jeden ze způsobů hybridního větrání. Stěžejním bodem práce je vytvoření numerického modelu dané místnosti se zdroji tepla a oxidu uhličitého. Jsou zde řešeny teplotní, rychlostní a koncentrační pole, z nichž jsou dále vyhodnocovány veličiny tepelné pohody PMV, PPD a DR. Závěrem je posouzen vliv změn na kvalitu mikroklimatu pomocí uvedených veličin a na energetickou náročnost větrání.This thesis deals with the influence of the location of exhaust outlets on the air quality. The study examines the performance of the hybrid ventilation system installed in an experimental house. The central point of this work is a numerical model of a bedroom with heat and carbon dioxide sources. The temperature, speed and concentration fields have been solved for, from which further quantities of thermal comfort PMV, PPD and DR were evaluated. Finally, the impact of changes in the quality of the microclimate using these quantities and in the energy efficiency ventilation is assessed.

Evoluce pohlavních chromozomů a karyotypů u hroznýšů a krajt

- ABSTRAKT - Hadi (Serpentes) jsou skupinou šupinatých plazů (Squamata), která představuje více než třetinu druhové diverzity plazů. Karyotyp hadů je poměrně konzervativní a nejčastěji má v diploidním stavu 36 chromozomů (16 makro- a 20 mikrochromozomů). Předpokládá se, že toto uspořádání bylo přítomno už u společného předka všech hadů. Majoritní většina hadích druhů patří do skupiny Caenophidia a sdílí homologní ZW pohlavní chromozomy. Hadi ze skupin "Scolecophidia" a "Henophidia" mají převážně nerozlišené, homomorfní pohlavní chromozomy, což v minulosti znemožnilo jejich podrobnější studium. Přítomnost ZW pohlavních chromozomů byla u těchto hadů po desetiletí tedy pouze předpokládána. Nové studie doložily existenci nejen ZW, ale i dvou nehomologních systémů s XY pohlavními chromozomy mimo skupinu Caenophidia. Dokázaly, že systémy určení pohlaví jsou u hadů variabilnější, než se dříve předpokládalo. V této práci bylo studováno osm druhů hadů ze skupiny "Henophidia" (zástupci rodů Eryx, Cylidrophis, Python a Tropidophis) a jeden druh ze skupiny Caenophidia (Ophiophagus hannah) a to za použití konvenčních i molekulárních cytogenetických metod. Pohlavní chromozomy však nebyly nalezeny u žádného ze studovaných druhů skupiny "Henophidia", nýbrž pouze u Ophiophagus hannah ze skupiny Caenophidia. Tento druh má...- ABSTRACT - Snakes (Serpentes) are a group of squamate reptiles (Squamata) that represents more than one third of the total reptile species diversity. Snake karyotype is generally conserved with the most common chromosome number of 36 (16 macro- and 20 microchromosomes) in diploid state. It is believed that this karyotype was also present in the common ancestor of all snakes. The majority of snake species belong to the group Caenophidia and share homologous ZW sex chromosomes. Snakes from the groups "Scolecophidia" and "Henophidia" have mostly poorly differentiated, homomorphic sex chromosomes, which made them impossible to distinguish from the autosomes in the past. These snakes were for many years assumed to have ZW sex chromosomes as well. However, recent studies demonstrated not only ZW but also two non- homologous XY sex chromosome systems in non-caenophidian snakes and thus the sex determination systems in snakes are much more variable than previously thought. In this thesis, eight species of henophidian snakes (representatives from the genera Eryx, Cylidrophis, Python and Tropidophis) and one caenophidian species (Ophiophagus hannah) were examined using conventional and molecular cytogenetic methods. However, sex chromosomes were not detected in the henophidian species, only in Ophiophagus hannah,...Katedra ekologieDepartment of EcologyPřírodovědecká fakultaFaculty of Scienc

On magnetic fluid particles dynamics investigation

This paper deals with the investigation of the dynamics of magnetorheological fluid. The response of ferromagnetic particles to changes in external magnetic field is observed with the use of high speed camera. Optically obtained data are processed with the use of scientific tool ImageJ. Functions and limit values of the particles dynamics are determined with the use of statistic methods afterwards

The properties of recycled rubber from waste tires in the production of cement composites

This article presents the results of a study dealing with the use of a combination of recycled rubber from waste tires as a 100% substitute in the production of cement composites. Aggregate was replaced with recycled rubber in two ratios, namely the ratio of 50/50 and the ratio of 40/60 of the share of fraction 0/1 mm and fraction 1/3 mm. The designed formulas of cement compositeswere subjected to the tests of their physical and mechanical properties in order to determine the properties of the used recycled rubber combination. The tests included the consistency of the grain curve, mixing water properties, consistency of cement mortar, and strength characteristics (tensile flexural strength and compressive strength). The study presents results that are fundamentally different from the comparative samples and their use in the building industry; however, at the same time, they open upnew possibilities of their utilization as a building material

Sound-absorbing and thermal-insulating properties of cement composite based on recycled rubber from waste tires

This article describes an experimental study aimed at investigating the potential use of recycled rubber granulate from waste tires of fractions 0/1 and 1/3 mm in cement composites as a 100% replacement for natural aggregates. The use of waste in the development and production of new building materials represents an important aspect for the sustainability and protection of the environment. This article is focused on the sound-absorbing and thermal-insulating properties of experimental cement composites based on recycled rubber from waste tires. The article describes the grain characteristics of recycled rubber, sound absorption capacity, thermal conductivity and strength characteristics. The results of this research show that the total replacement of natural aggregate with recycled rubber in cement composites is possible. Replacing natural aggregate with recycled rubber has significantly improved the thermal and acoustic properties of the prepared cement composites, however, at the same time; there was also the expected decrease in the strength characteristics due to the elasticity of rubber.Web of Science116art. no. 272

Magnetorheological fluids viscosity time-response to change of external magnetic field

Předkládaná diplomová práce je zaměřena na měření časové odezvy magnetoreologických kapalin. Popisuje magnetoreologický jev, shrnuje současné názory na časovou odezvu těchto kapalin. Část práce je určena pro technický výčet jejich aplikací. Hlavní část práce se zaměřuje na experiment pro změření časové odezvy MR kapalin.ObhájenoSubmitted master theses is focused on measuring the response time of magnetorheological fluids. It describes magnetorheological effect, summarizes current views on the response time of these liquids. Part of the work is directed to enumerate their applications. The main part is focused on the experiment to measure the response time of MR fluids

Evolution of sex chromosomes and karyotypes in boas and pythons

- ABSTRACT - Snakes (Serpentes) are a group of squamate reptiles (Squamata) that represents more than one third of the total reptile species diversity. Snake karyotype is generally conserved with the most common chromosome number of 36 (16 macro- and 20 microchromosomes) in diploid state. It is believed that this karyotype was also present in the common ancestor of all snakes. The majority of snake species belong to the group Caenophidia and share homologous ZW sex chromosomes. Snakes from the groups "Scolecophidia" and "Henophidia" have mostly poorly differentiated, homomorphic sex chromosomes, which made them impossible to distinguish from the autosomes in the past. These snakes were for many years assumed to have ZW sex chromosomes as well. However, recent studies demonstrated not only ZW but also two non- homologous XY sex chromosome systems in non-caenophidian snakes and thus the sex determination systems in snakes are much more variable than previously thought. In this thesis, eight species of henophidian snakes (representatives from the genera Eryx, Cylidrophis, Python and Tropidophis) and one caenophidian species (Ophiophagus hannah) were examined using conventional and molecular cytogenetic methods. However, sex chromosomes were not detected in the henophidian species, only in Ophiophagus hannah,..

Laboratorní pec pro plazmové zpracování prachových pelet

Import 20/04/2006Prezenční výpůjčkaVŠB - Technická univerzita Ostrava. Fakulta strojní. Katedra (344) výrobních strojů a konstruován

Cash transports and the security of them

Import 07/12/2009Prezenční030 - Katedra požární ochrany a ochrany obyvatelstvaNeuveden