Résidus de médicaments vétérinaires dans les eaux destinées à la consommation humaine en zone d'élevage intensif : cas de bassins versants bretons

The Water Framework Directive (2000) refers to the deterioration of freshwater quality. The emergent pollutants of concern include pharmaceutical residues that represent a diffuse and potentially persistent threat in hydrosystems. To date, few studies have focused specifically on veterinary pharmaceutical residues (VPRs). Brittany is an intensive husbandry in France. 75% of tap water is produced from surface waters, which are particularly vulnerable. In this context, the objectives of this PhD thesis are to (i) select high-risk sites and RMVs of interest, (ii) develop analytical methods for the list of selected compounds, (iii) acquire data on the occurrence of VPRs in water resources and tap water in Brittany and (iv) identify the sources of VPRs through the investigation of associated fecal contamination in water resources. This thesis consists of three chapters: a review of the literature on VPRs occurrence and fate in raw waters and tap waters, as well as a review of existing tools for addressing faecal contamination; the materials and methods including sampling strategy, selection of VPRs of interest and description of the methods of analysis developed according to this list; the results of VPRs occurrences in water resources and tap water in Brittany. This work concludes on a broader context by providing perspectives to gain a better understanding of the factors influencing VPRs occurrences and to assess population exposure.La Directive Cadre sur l’Eau (2000) fait état de la dégradation du bon état chimique des eaux superficielles et des eaux souterraines. Parmi les polluants émergents mis en cause figurent les résidus de médicaments qui représentent une menace diffuse et potentiellement persistante dans les hydro-systèmes. A ce jour, peu d’études se sont intéressées spécifiquement aux résidus médicamenteux vétérinaires (RMV). En France, la Bretagne est une région d'élevage intensif. 75% des eaux destinées à la consommation humaine (EDCH) sont issues d’eau de surface particulièrement vulnérables. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de cette thèse sont de (i) sélectionner les sites à risque et les RMV d’intérêt, (ii) développer une méthode d’analyse pour la liste de composés retenus, (iii) acquérir des premières données d’occurrence par les RMV dans les EDCH en Bretagne et (iv) identifier les sources des RMV à l’aide de l’étude de la contamination fécale associée dans les eaux brutes. Cette thèse est constituée de trois chapitres : une synthèse bibliographique des connaissances relatives aux RMV dans les eaux brutes et les eaux traitées, ainsi qu’une synthèse sur les outils existant pour étudier la contamination fécale ; les matériels et méthodes incluant la stratégie d’échantillonnage, le choix des RMV d’intérêt et les méthodes d’analyse développées sur cette base; les données d’occurrence des RMV dans les EDCH bretonnes. Ces travaux se concluent sur un contexte plus large avec des perspectives pour mieux comprendre les facteurs impactant ces occurrences et pour évaluer l’exposition de la population

Veterinary pharmaceutical residues in water resources and tap water in an intensive husbandry area : case of Brittany in France

La Directive Cadre sur l’Eau (2000) fait état de la dégradation du bon état chimique des eaux superficielles et des eaux souterraines. Parmi les polluants émergents mis en cause figurent les résidus de médicaments qui représentent une menace diffuse et potentiellement persistante dans les hydro-systèmes. A ce jour, peu d’études se sont intéressées spécifiquement aux résidus médicamenteux vétérinaires (RMV). En France, la Bretagne est une région d'élevage intensif. 75% des eaux destinées à la consommation humaine (EDCH) sont issues d’eau de surface particulièrement vulnérables. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de cette thèse sont de (i) sélectionner les sites à risque et les RMV d’intérêt, (ii) développer une méthode d’analyse pour la liste de composés retenus, (iii) acquérir des premières données d’occurrence par les RMV dans les EDCH en Bretagne et (iv) identifier les sources des RMV à l’aide de l’étude de la contamination fécale associée dans les eaux brutes. Cette thèse est constituée de trois chapitres : une synthèse bibliographique des connaissances relatives aux RMV dans les eaux brutes et les eaux traitées, ainsi qu’une synthèse sur les outils existant pour étudier la contamination fécale ; les matériels et méthodes incluant la stratégie d’échantillonnage, le choix des RMV d’intérêt et les méthodes d’analyse développées sur cette base; les données d’occurrence des RMV dans les EDCH bretonnes. Ces travaux se concluent sur un contexte plus large avec des perspectives pour mieux comprendre les facteurs impactant ces occurrences et pour évaluer l’exposition de la population.The Water Framework Directive (2000) refers to the deterioration of freshwater quality. The emergent pollutants of concern include pharmaceutical residues that represent a diffuse and potentially persistent threat in hydrosystems. To date, few studies have focused specifically on veterinary pharmaceutical residues (VPRs). Brittany is an intensive husbandry in France. 75% of tap water is produced from surface waters, which are particularly vulnerable. In this context, the objectives of this PhD thesis are to (i) select high-risk sites and RMVs of interest, (ii) develop analytical methods for the list of selected compounds, (iii) acquire data on the occurrence of VPRs in water resources and tap water in Brittany and (iv) identify the sources of VPRs through the investigation of associated fecal contamination in water resources. This thesis consists of three chapters: a review of the literature on VPRs occurrence and fate in raw waters and tap waters, as well as a review of existing tools for addressing faecal contamination; the materials and methods including sampling strategy, selection of VPRs of interest and description of the methods of analysis developed according to this list; the results of VPRs occurrences in water resources and tap water in Brittany. This work concludes on a broader context by providing perspectives to gain a better understanding of the factors influencing VPRs occurrences and to assess population exposure

Prioritisation of veterinary pharmaceuticals prior to a monitoring campaign into water resources and drinking water: Case of Brittany, an intensive husbandry area

International audiencePharmaceuticals residues are nowadays of growing concern, especially in aquatic environments. Numerous and detailed researches have been conducted on human pharmaceutical residues at national and european scale, while ocurrence of veterinary pharmaceutical residues remains still largely unknown. Brittany is a region subjected to high animal husbandry pressures. Veterinary pharmaceuticals residues can enter the environment directly or indirectly during pastures or spreading of animal manure on soils. Thus, aquatic environments in Brittany are sensitive spots, potentially contaminated by a lot of veterinary residues, such as antibiotics or antiparasitic drugs. The project aims at realizing an overview of the contamination (types molecules and levels of concentrations) of raw water resources subjected to a strong agricultural pressure, and into drinking water obtained from those resources. In order to realize a monitoring study during one year, the first step was to perform a prioritization of veterinary pharmaceuticals, to select the veterinary pharmaceuticals which are the most susceptible to reach and to be detected in the aquatic environment

Veterinary pharmaceutical residues from natural water to tap water: Sales, occurrence and fate

ISI Document Delivery No.: GZ1KA Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 184 Charuaud, Lise Jarde, Emilie Jaffrezic, Anne Thomas, Marie-Florence Le Bot, Barbara La Region Bretagne [COH15002]; EHESP [2015/539/DRH/EHESP]; DREAL Bretagne [56/2016/277]; L'Agence Francaise de la Biodiversite [224]; ARS This work was supported by La Region Bretagne (COH15002), L'Agence Francaise de la Biodiversite (Project no. 224), EHESP (2015/539/DRH/EHESP), ARS and DREAL Bretagne (56/2016/277). 0 10 Elsevier science bv Amsterdam 1873-3336International audienceVeterinary pharmaceuticals (VPs) increasingly used in animal husbandry have led to their presence in aquatic environments –surface water (SW) or groundwater (GW) – and even in tap water. This review focuses on studies from 2007 to 2017. Sixty-eight different veterinary pharmaceutical residues (VPRs) have been quantified worldwide in natural waters at concentrations ranging from nanograms per liter (ng.L-1) to several micrograms per liter (µg.L-1). An extensive up-to-date on sales and tonnages of VPs worldwide has been performed. Tetracyclines (TCs) antibiotics are the most sold veterinary pharmaceuticals worldwide. An overview of VPRs degradation pathways in natural waters is provided. VPRs can be degraded or transformed by biodegradation, hydrolysis or photolysis. Photo-degradation appears to be the major degradation pathway in SW. This review then reports occurrences of VPRs found in tap water, and presents data on VPRs removal in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) at each step of the process. VPRs have been quantified in tap water at ng.L-1 concentration levels in four studies of the eleven studies dealing with VPRs occurrence in tap water. Overall removals of VPRs in DWTPs generally exceed 90% and advanced treatment processes (oxidation processes, adsorption on activated carbon, membrane filtration) greatly contribute to these removals. However, studies performed on full-scale DWTPs are scarce. A large majority of fate studies in DWTPs have been conducted under laboratory at environmentally irrelevant conditions (high concentration of VPRs (mg. L-1), use of deionized water instead of natural water, high concentration of oxidant, high contact time. etc.). Also, studies on VPRs occurrence and fate in tap water focus on antibiotics. There is a scientific gap on the occurrence and fate of antiparatic drugs in tap waters

Résidus de médicaments vétérinaires dans les eaux destinées à la consommation humaine en zones d’élevage intensif: Cas des bassins versants bretons

National audienceContexteLa présence de résidus de médicaments dans les ressources en eau participe pour partie à l’exposition de la population (Mompelat et al., 2009) et représente une menace diffuse et potentiellement persistante dans les hydrosystèmes. Des études ont été menées sur les résidus médicamenteux à usage humain au niveau national (campagnes de l'ANSES, des Agences de l’Eau, du BRGM de l’IRSTEA etc. ; thèses de A. Togola (2006), de F. Tamtam (2008) et de S. Mompelat (2011)) ou encore au niveau européen (PHARMAS 2011-2014, Cytothreat 2011-2014), mais peu d’études se sont intéressées aux résidus médicamenteux vétérinaires (RMV).En France, la Bretagne est une région d'élevage intensif qui possède un chevelu hydrographique très dense et vulnérable, et 75% des eaux destinées à la consommation humaine (EDCH) sont issues d’eau de surface (ARS Bretagne, 2017). Le recyclage important des matières organiques exogènes sur les sols pour valoriser l’azote, le phosphore et le carbone peut générer une pollution diffuse car ces effluents peuvent contenir des quantités importantes de résidus de médicaments. Les RMV peuvent être transférés vers ces ressources en eau par lixiviation ou ruissellement à partir de parcelles pâturées, ou ayant reçu des effluents d’élevage mais également par le biais d’activités piscicoles.L’objectif du projet EXPOVETO (2016-2018) est d’identifier et quantifier les RMV présents dans les ressources en EDCH et les eaux traitées correspondantes en Bretagne.MéthodeMolécules d’intérêt : 37 RMV hiérarchisés à partir de 4 critères : avec les pratiques vétérinaires bretonnes (Soulier et al., 2015, ARS/DREAL 2013-2015), les données sur leur pharmacocinétique et leur devenir dans l’environnement et la faisabilité analytique (Thèse de Lise Charuaud, 2016-2018).Sites sélectionnés : 25 captages EDCH en Bretagne (23 eaux de surface et 2 eaux souterraines), situés en contexte d’élevage intensif ont été retenus (ARS/DREAL 2013-2015).Échantillonnage : La stratégie d’échantillonnage a pour objectif de refléter les variations des prescriptions vétérinaires, les périodes d’épandages et le régime hydrique (étiage ou hautes eaux) (Jaffrézic et al., 2017). Quatre campagnes de prélèvements (mars 2017 ; mai 2017 ; septembre 2017 et janvier 2018), en entrée et sortie d’usine de potabilisation (200 échantillons) ont été réalisées sur les sites d’intérêts.Analyses : Les RMV sont extraits des échantillons d’eau sur support solide suivie d’une séparation par chromatographie liquide couplée à une détection par spectrométrie de masse en tandem.RésultatsPour les 3 premières campagnes, des RMV ont été quantifiés dans les ressources en eau (23 eaux de surfaces et 2 eaux souterraines) dans 32% à 47% des échantillons selon les campagnes. La diversité de molécules quantifiées est plus importante en période d’étiage (10 molécules).Les concentrations mesurées varient de 5 ng/l (la limite de quantification) à 2 μg/l.Dans les eaux traitées correspondantes, des RMV sont également quantifiés de 4% jusqu’à 65% des échantillons selon les campagnes. La diversité des molécules quantifiées était plus importante en période d’épandages. Les concentrations mesurées varient de 5ng/l à 200 ng/l environ. La 4eme campagne (hautes eaux) est en cours d’analyse, les résultats seront comparés avec les 3 premières campagnes

Veterinary pharmaceutical residues in water resources and tap water in an intensive husbandry area in France

International audienceIn intensive livestock areas, veterinary pharmaceutical residues (VPRs) can occur in water resources, but also in tap water because treatment processes are not designed to remove these contaminants. The main objective of this study is to assess the occurrence of VPRs in water resources and tap waters in Brittany. As several identical compounds are used in both veterinary and human medicine, a toolbox (stanols and pharmaceuticals) is used to help determine the origin of contamination in the case of mixed-use molecules. Water resources samples were collected from 25 sites (23 surface waters and two groundwaters) used for tap water production and located in watersheds considered as sensitive due to intensive husbandry activities. Samples were also taken at 23 corresponding tap water sites. A list of 38 VPRs of interest was analyzed. In water resources, at least one VPR was quantified in 32% of the samples. 17 different VPRs were quantified, including antibiotics, antiparasitic drugs and anti-inflammatory drugs. Concentration levels ranged between 5 ng/L and 2946 ng/L. Mixed-use pharmaceuticals were quantified in twelve samples of water resources and among these samples nine had a mixed overall fecal contamination. In the context of this large-scale study, it appeared difficult to determine precisely the factors impacting the occurrence of VPRs. VPRs were quantified in 20% of the tap water samples. Twelve VPRs were quantified, including ten compounds exclusively used in veterinary medicine and two mixed-use compounds. Concentration levels are inferior to 40 ng/L for all compounds, with the exception of the antibiotic florfenicol which was quantified at 159 ng/L and 211 ng/L. The population of Brittany may therefore be exposed to these contaminants through tap water. These observations should be put into perspective with the detection frequencies per compound which are all below 10% in both water resources and tap water

Veterinary pharmaceutical residues in water resources and tap water in an intensive husbandry area in France

International audienceIn intensive livestock areas, veterinary pharmaceutical residues (VPRs) can occur in water resources, but also in tap water because treatment processes are not designed to remove these contaminants. The main objective of this study is to assess the occurrence of VPRs in water resources and tap waters in Brittany. As several identical compounds are used in both veterinary and human medicine, a toolbox (stanols and pharmaceuticals) is used to help determine the origin of contamination in the case of mixed-use molecules. Water resources samples were collected from 25 sites (23 surface waters and two groundwaters) used for tap water production and located in watersheds considered as sensitive due to intensive husbandry activities. Samples were also taken at 23 corresponding tap water sites. A list of 38 VPRs of interest was analyzed. In water resources, at least one VPR was quantified in 32% of the samples. 17 different VPRs were quantified, including antibiotics, antiparasitic drugs and anti-inflammatory drugs. Concentration levels ranged between 5 ng/L and 2946 ng/L. Mixed-use pharmaceuticals were quantified in twelve samples of water resources and among these samples nine had a mixed overall fecal contamination. In the context of this large-scale study, it appeared difficult to determine precisely the factors impacting the occurrence of VPRs. VPRs were quantified in 20% of the tap water samples. Twelve VPRs were quantified, including ten compounds exclusively used in veterinary medicine and two mixed-use compounds. Concentration levels are inferior to 40 ng/L for all compounds, with the exception of the antibiotic florfenicol which was quantified at 159 ng/L and 211 ng/L. The population of Brittany may therefore be exposed to these contaminants through tap water. These observations should be put into perspective with the detection frequencies per compound which are all below 10% in both water resources and tap water

Veterinary pharmaceutical and fecal contamination in mixed-land use watersheds: from agricultural headwater watersheds to watermonitoring watersheds

International audience✓Intensive livestock : curative and prophylactic use of pharmaceuticals ✓30 to 90% of (VP) excreted in feces and urine as parents molecules ✓Degradation of the chemical quality of water is controlled by the presence of organic contaminants such as veterinary pharmaceuticals residues (VPR

Veterinary pharmaceutical and fecal contamination in mixed-land use watersheds: from agricultural headwater watersheds to watermonitoring watersheds

International audience✓Intensive livestock : curative and prophylactic use of pharmaceuticals ✓30 to 90% of (VP) excreted in feces and urine as parents molecules ✓Degradation of the chemical quality of water is controlled by the presence of organic contaminants such as veterinary pharmaceuticals residues (VPR