Je communique donc je suis :: la communication non verbale de l’enseignant en contexte de classe culturellement très hétérogène

La réalité de l’enseignement a énormément changé ces dernières années. En effet, de plus en plus d’étrangers vivent en Suisse, ce qui modifie considérablement l’homogénéité culturelle des classes. Ce changement n’est pas sans conséquence sur la manière dont les enseignants conduisent leurs leçons. La présente étude, s’inscrivant dans un contexte de recherche qualitative, repose essentiellement sur la communication non verbale d’un enseignant étant dans une classe ayant un grand niveau d’hétérogénéité (plus de 30%). L’objectif de ce travail consiste à observer, par le biais d’extraits vidéo, les pratiques relevant du langage non verbal d’enseignants du primaire travaillant dans des classes culturellement hétérogènes dans le but de les identifier, de les analyser, de les comprendre et de les formaliser. À travers cette recherche, j’ai pu constater que l’identité d’une personne façonnée par ses expériences vécues va avoir beaucoup d’impacts sur la manière d’être en classe et donc sur sa façon de communiquer non verbalement. Ensuite, l’enseignant est libre de respecter ou non les coutumes de ses élèves. Sa personnalité, ses valeurs et sa sensibilité face aux différentes cultures vont effectivement jouer un rôle dans sa façon d’enseigner. Finalement, le langage non verbal n’est pas forcément privilégié dans un contexte de classe culturellement hétérogène mais il fait partie intégrante de la façon dont l’enseignant communique et transmet des messages à ses élèves, qu’ils soient de même culture ou de culture différente

Summerfruit tοrtriχ, Adoxophyes orana: life cycle, warning system and control

Το Λεπιδόπτερο Adoxophyes orana F.v.R., είναι ένας εχθρός που προσαρμόσθηκε πρόσφατα στις εντατικές καλλιέργειες μηλιάς και αχλαδιάς. Οι προνύμφες αναπτύσσονται αρχικά επάνω σε νεαρά φύλλα και βλαστούς και ευκαιριακά προσβάλλουν την επιφάνεια του καρπού. Στην Ελβετία υπάρχουν δύο πτήσεις το χρόνο, ενώ στην Ελλάδα υπάρχουν τρεις πτήσεις με τη δεύτερη και τρίτη να επικαλύπτονται. Οι διαπαύουσες προνύμφες διαχειμάζουν όταν είναι στο τρίτο στάδιο (L?) και αρχίζουν πάλι να αναπτύσσονται την άνοιξη. Υπάρχουν τρεις περίοδοι που οι προνύμφες είναι δραστήριες. Οι μέθοδοι προειδοποίησης είναι: η οπτική εξέταση των λουλουδιών την άνοιξη, οι παγίδες με φορομόνες φύλου και η οπτική εξέταση των βλαστών και καρπών το καλοκαίρι. Ένα μοντέλο, που περιγράφει το βιολογικό κύκλο σε συνάρτηση με τη θερμοκρασία, επιτρέπει τον καθορισμό του καλύτερου χρόνου δειγματοληψίας ζημιών και εφαρμογής φαρμάκων σε σχέση με τον τρόπο δράσης τους. Μερικά κλασικά εντομοκτόνα προσφέρουν θεραπευτική καταπολέμηση αλλά η αποτελεσματικότητα τους πάντοτε μειώνεται εναντίον προνυμφών προχωρημένης ηλικίας. Τα καλύτερα αποτελέσματα επιτυγχάνονται κατά την εκκόλαψη των ωών της πρώτης γενεάς. Ο ρυθμιστής ανάπτυξης των εντόμων (IGR), fenoxycarb, είναι πολύ αποτελεσματικός όταν εφαρμόζεται την άνοιξη εναντίον του τελευταίου προνυμφικού σταδίου (Ls) της διαχειμάζουσας γενεάς. Ένας ειδικός ιός επίσης δίνει καλά αποτελέσματα εναντίον των διαχειμαζουσών προνυμφών. Τον καιρό αυτό μελετώνται η τεχνική της παρεμπόδισης των συζεύξεων και οι παρεμποδιστές ανάπτυξης των εντόμων (IGI) που εμποδίζουν τον σχηματισμό της χιτίνης. Για όλα τα προϊόντα που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την καταπολέμηση του Α. orana ο χρόνος που μεσολαβεί είναι πολύ σημαντικός για τη μέγιστη αποτελεσματικότητα.The summerfruit tortrix, Adoxophyes orana F.v.R., is a pest which has recently adapted to the intensive culture of apple and pear. The larvae develop primarily on the young leaves and shoots and occasionally feed on the surface of the fruit. Under Swiss conditions there are two flights per year though there are three in Greece with the second and third overlapping. The diapausing larvae hibernate in the third stage (L3) and begin development again in the spring. There are three periods in which the larvae are active. The methods used to sample populations for making management decisions are: visual examination of flower clusters in spring, sex pheromone traps, and visual examination of shoots and fruit in summer. A model describing the life cycle as a function of temperature allows for the determination of the best time to sample damage and to apply treatments with regard to their particular mode of action. Some classical insecticides provide control curatively but efficiency is always reduced against older larvae. The best results are obtained at egg eclosion following the first flight. The insect growth regulator (IGR), fenoxycarb, is very effective when applied in the spring against the last stage larvae (Ls) of the overwintering generation. A specific virus also gives good control in the spring against overwintering larvae. The mating disruption technique and insect growth inhibitors (ICI), which prevent the formation of chitin, are currently being studied. For all the products used to control A. orana, the timing of the application is extremely important in order to obtain the bes

Intervention sociale face à la maladie:: la place du chercheur

A partir d’une recherche sur la socialisation et le lien social en contexte africain autour du phénomène du sida, cet article propose une réflexion sur la place du chercheur face à la maladie. Comment ce dernier définit-il son rapport à l’objet d’étude, aux informateurs et plus largement aux acteurs concernés par la recherche? Comment, face à la maladie, au sida en particulier, le chercheur gère-t-il les principes méthodologiques telle que la neutralité axiologique? Parvientil à concilier ces derniers avec son engagement moral, social, politique? Ces questions sont traitées à partir des propositions théoriques de Norbert Elias sur l’engagement et la distanciation reprises par Didier Fassin pour analyser les recherches produites en sciences sociales sur le sida en Afrique

Vegetationsveränderung in kalkreichen Halbtrockenrasen im Schweizer Jura

Semi‐dry grasslands have declined sharply in Western Europe in the last century. These most speciesrich habitats are threatened due to intensification of agriculture, eutrophication, dereliction, climate change and landscape fragmentation. As a result, the vegetation of semi‐dry grasslands is changing and shows a trend towards homogenization. Specialized species are particularly endangered because their growth conditions are no longer met due to eutrophication and fragmentation. However, only a few studies have so far found that nutrient enrichment also leads to a decline in the species richness. Especially in the calcareous region of the Swiss Jura, the state of knowledge regarding the impact of eutrophication on semi‐dry grasslands is still poor. By performing a resurvey, it has been investigated whether the vegetation change in this region is in line with the general trend in Western Europe. Abundance, species diversity, 11 different ecological indicator, four functional traits, diagnostic species were analyzed. A habitat classification and decentered correspondence analysis were also performed. Species diversity, light availability, temperature, seed dispersal by animals and seed persistence are all ecological indicator values that have significantly decreased in 2020. Conversely, nutrient availability, soil moisture, seed mass, specific leaf area and canopy height have increased. There are significantly fewer ruderal species, stress‐tolerant species, therophytes and herbaceous chamaephytes in 2020. Highly competitive species and hemicryptophytes, on the contrary, have increased. The general observation shows an increase in productivity and is due to eutrophication of the sites. There are fewer specialized species than in 1984, indicating a homogenization of the vegetation composition, which is shifting towards nutrient‐rich pasture and meadows. A slight increase of the vegetation of the mesophilous herbaceous shrub was also observed. This shift towards their natural successional stage and the eutrophication shows that agricultural management is not optimally carried out. Most of these sites are still not supported by any conservation program. The fact that the results slightly differ from the general trend in Western Europe is also an indication of the importance of promoting regionally targeted conservation strategy in order to stop biodiversity loss in semi‐dry grasslands

Small Cages with Insect Couples Provide a Simple Method for a Preliminary Assessment of Mating Disruption

Mating disruption by sex pheromones is a sustainable, effective and widely used pest management scheme. A drawback of this technique is its challenging assessment of effectiveness in the field (e.g., spatial scale, pest density). The aim of this work was to facilitate the evaluation of field-deployed pheromone dispensers. We tested the suitability of small insect field cages for a pre-evaluation of the impact of sex pheromones on mating using the grape moths Eupoecilia ambiguella and Lobesia botrana, two major pests in vineyards. Cages consisted of a cubic metal frame of 35 cm sides, which was covered with a mosquito net of 1500 μm mesh size. Cages were installed in the centre of pheromone-treated and untreated vineyards. In several trials, 1 to 20 couples of grape moths per cage were released for one to three nights. The proportion of mated females was between 15 to 70% lower in pheromone-treated compared to untreated vineyards. Overall, the exposure of eight couples for one night was adequate for comparing different control schemes. Small cages may therefore provide a fast and cheap method to compare the effectiveness of pheromone dispensers under standardised semi-field conditions and may help predict the value of setting-up large-scale field trials

Um radiometro para a medição de trocas de calor por radiação em ondas longas

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica

Les descendants d’immigrés à l’école en France : entre discontinuité culturelle et discrimination systémique

Comment rendre compte des inégalités d’acquis scolaires liées aux parcours migratoires des élèves et de leur famille ? Pour certains auteurs, ces inégalités seraient la conséquence de « discontinuités culturelles » entre les élèves de milieu populaire et/ou migrants et l’école elle-même. Ce type d’explication a longtemps été hégémonique en France. On peut cependant aussi les expliquer par des discriminations systémiques. À partir d’une analyse secondaire des données PISA 2003 et 2012 pour la France, cet article vise à mettre à l’épreuve des faits ces deux univers interprétatifs afin de rendre compte des inégalités scolaires liées au statut migratoire des élèves, l’hypothèse centrale étant qu’il existe un lien entre l’accentuation de la ségrégation scolaire des migrants d’une part et l’évolution des inégalités d’acquis de l’autre.How to account for educational inequality related to a student’s immigrant status? The explanation that has long been hegemonic in France is that this inequality is the result of “cultural discontinuities” between students of working class backgrounds and/or migrants and the school itself. However, educational inequality can also be explained by systemic discrimination. This article shall use the PISA 2003 and 2012 database for France to test these two explanations to account for educational inequality related to a student’s immigrant status. The main hypothesis is that there is a link between increased school segregation of migrants and the development of educational inequality

Vegetation change in meso-xeric grasslands of the Swiss Jura Mts. over 40 years

Meso-xeric grasslands have declined sharply in Central Europe during the last century. These spe-cies-rich habitats are threatened by intensification or abandonment of agricultural use, eutrophication, climate change and landscape fragmentation. However, different studies in various regions of Central Europe are inconsistent in their findings about degree and direction of changes. We thus resurveyed the historical vegetation plots of the alliance Mesobromionin the Swiss Jura Mts. In 2020, we re-sampled 28 quasi-permanent vegetation plots originally recorded in 1980 to quantify potential vegetation change. Frequency of individual species, species diversity, 11 ecological indicator values and four functional traits, as well as the presence of diagnostic species of phytosociological alliances, were analysed. Further, a habitat classification and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) were also performed. Species richness, indicator values for light availability and temperature, seed dispersal by animals and seed persistence had significantly decreased by 2020. Conversely, ecological indicator values for nutrient availability and soil moisture as well as community-weighted means for seed mass and canopy height had significantly increased. There were significantly fewer ruderal species, stress-tolerators, therophytes and herbaceous chamaephytes in 2020. In contrast, highly competitive species and hemicryptophytes had increased. Together, these findings indicate an increase in productivity over time. There were fewer specialized species in 2020 than in 1980, indicating a homogenization of the vegetation and a shift towards nutrient-rich pastures and meadows. The shift towards a later succession-al stage might indicate reduced grazing disturbance. Most of these sites are currently not included in an agri-environmental scheme. Partial differences of our findings from those reported elsewhere in Central Europe highlight the importance of regionally adapted conservation strategies in order to stop biodiver-sity loss in meso-xeric grasslands