Types of fruits and vegetables used in commercial baby foods and their contribution to sugar content

Fruits and vegetables (F&V) are often featured in names of commercial baby foods (CBFs). We aimed to survey all available CBFs in the UK market with F&V included in the food name in order to describe the amount and types of F&V used in CBF and their contribution to total sugar content. Food labels were used to identify F&V and total sugar content. Fruits were more common than vegetables in names of the 329 CBFs identified. The six most common F&V in the names were all relatively sweet: apple, banana, tomato, mango, carrot and sweet potato. The percentage of F&V in the foods ranged from a median of 94% for sweet-spoonable to 13% for dry-savoury products. Fruit content of sweet foods (n = 177) was higher than vegetable content of savoury foods (n = 152) with a median (IQR) of 64.0 g/100 g (33.0–100.0) vs. 46.0 g/100 g (33–56.7). Fruit juice was added to 18% of products. The proportion of F&V in CBF correlated significantly with sugar content for all the food types except dry-savoury food (sweet-spoonable r = 0.24, P = 0.006; savoury-spoonable r = 0.65, P < 0.001; sweet-dry r = 0.81, P < 0.001; savoury-dry r = 0.51, P = 0.06) and explained up to two-thirds of the variation in sugar content. The F&V content of CBFs mainly consists of fruits and relatively sweet vegetables which are unlikely to encourage preferences for bitter-tasting vegetables or other non-sweet foods. F&V contribute significantly to the total sugar content, particularly of savoury foods

Confidence and performance in objective structured clinical examination

Introduction: The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE )is commonly used as a standard assessment approach in midwifery education. Student’s confidence may impact on the OSCE performancebut the evidence on this is very limited. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between confidence and OSCE performance in midwifery students. Methods: 103 pre-registration midwifery students (42 year one students: 61 year three students) from Sheffield Hallam University took part in this study as part of their routine OSCE assessment. They completed pre- and post-exam questionnaires, which asked them to rate their confidence in the clinical skills being assessed on a scale from 1 to 10 (1=not confident; 10 =totally confident). Results: The results showed significant increases in mean confidence levels from before to after OSCE for both first and third year students (5.52 (1.25) to 6.49 (1.19); P=0.001 and 7.49(0.87) to 8.01(0.73); P<0.001, respectively). However, there was no significant correlation between confidence levels before undertaking the OSCE and the final OSCE test scores (r= 0.12; P=0.315). Conclusions: The increased level of confidence after the OSCE is important but how thisis transformed into improved clinical skills in practical settings requires further investigation. The lack of significant correlation between OSCEresults and student’s confidence, may indicate additional evidence for the objectivity of the OSCE . This, however, may be due to the inherent complexity of assessing such relationships. Larger studies with mixed methodology are required for further investigation of this important area of education and assessment research

Second Guessing in Perceptual Decision-Making.

Human subjects of both sexes were asked to make a perceptual decision between multiple directions of visual motion. In addition to reporting a primary choice, they also had to report a second guess, indicating which of the remaining options they would rather bet on, assuming that they got their primary choice wrong. The second guess was clearly informed by the amounts of sensory evidence that were provided for the different options. A single computational integration-to-threshold model, based on the assumption that the second guess is determined by the rank ordering of accumulated evidence at or shortly after the time of the decision, was able to explain the distribution of primary choices, associated response times, and the distribution of second guesses. This suggests that the decision-maker has access to how well supported unchosen options are by the sensory evidence.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Perceptual decisions require conversion of sensory evidence into a discrete choice. Computational models based on the accumulation of evidence to a decision threshold can explain the distribution of choices and associated decision times. Subjects are also able to report the level of confidence in their decision. Here we show that, when making decisions between more than two alternatives, the decision-maker can even report a second guess that is clearly informed by the sensory evidence. These second guesses show a distribution that is consistent with subjects having access to how much sensory evidence was accumulated for the unchosen options. The decision-maker therefore has knowledge about the outcome of the decision process that goes beyond just the choice and an associated confidence

Shallow magmatic plumbing systems and edifices of monogenetic volcanic fields

Magmatic plumbing systems of monogenetic volcanic fields comprise an interconnected network of sills, dykes and inclined sheets; however, the morphology, distribution and emplacement mechanisms of these shallow plumbing systems are often overlooked due to the lack of observable field data. Using seismic data provides an opportunity to understand these systems and integrate seismic-scale features with macro-scale observations from the field. Using a seismic dataset from the Faroe-Shetland Basin, NW Scotland, the Ben Nevis Monogenetic Volcanic Field (BNVF), this research provides an insight into how monogenetic volcanic fields are fed, and how the distribution of edifices can be primarily influenced by the structure of the substrate. By comparing the seismic data with field observations from three separate field studies, this research focuses in on the shallow, ductile zone (<1 km) between the feeding intrusion(s) and the volcanic edifice, in order to determine the processes that occur during emplacement at a sub-seismic scale. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the features of very shallow plumbing systems (<200 m) within a variety of water-saturated settings, including: passive and dynamic peperite (blocky and fluidal); R-T structures; clastogenic dykes; gas cavities; slurry cavities; protopillows and subsurface pillows; volcaniclastic injectites; and magma lobes and fingers. The range of features displayed within the four case studies demonstrates that a variety of processes affect the emplacement of magma in the ductile zone. These processes include: (1) exploiting preferential horizons by host-rock fluidisation; (2) exploiting boundaries in the host-rock by the rotation of principal stresses; (3) explosive magmatic degassing; (4) cooling–contraction fragmentation; (5) explosions caused by rapid vapourisation of porewater; (6) a variety of molten fuel-coolant interactions (non-explosive to highly explosive); and (7) density contrasts. Monogenetic volcanic fields and their plumbing systems have been identified in reflective seismic data in exploratory offshore sedimentary basins (e.g. Southern Australia Margin and the NE Atlantic Margin). This research presents unprecedented quantitative analysis of the thermal influence of diatremes using a range of techniques (vitrinite reflectance analysis, Raman spectroscopy and fluid inclusion techniques) to produce local isothermal models of the host-rock surrounding diatremes. This aims to provide a better understanding of the overall thermal effect of monogenetic plumbing systems on reservoir porosity and permeability, and source maturity

Assessing the patterns and drivers of shape complexity in the amblypygid pedipalp

Amblypygi is an arachnid order possessing a unique pair of spined pedipalps: appendages that perform in prey capture, courtship, and contest. Pedipalp length, hypothesized to be under sexual selection, varies markedly across amblypygid species, and pedipalp spination, thought to reflect selection for function in prey capture, also differs interspecifically. Differences in pedipalp shape between species may indicate that the relative strength of selection for prey capture and sexual selection vary across the group. However, interspecific differences in pedipalp shape have not been quantified, due to difficulties in identifying homologous features. For the first time, we quantify trends in amblypygid pedipalp shape complexity. We use elliptical Fourier analysis to quantify 2D complexity in pedipalp outlines across eleven species and six genera. We find that complexity significantly decreases as pedipalp length increases. This appears to be driven by relative spine length, suggesting that a trade-off exists between pedipalp length and spination. Furthermore, significant female-biased sexual dimorphism in shape complexity is present in the tibial segment of the amblypygid pedipalp. Our results provide novel insights into the drivers of amblypygid pedipalp evolution and suggest that a functional trade-off between performance in prey capture and other functions under sexual selection exist in this enigmatic structure

Failure of interpolation in the intuitionistic logic of constant domains

This paper shows that the interpolation theorem fails in the intuitionistic logic of constant domains. This result refutes two previously published claims that the interpolation property holds.Comment: 13 pages, 0 figures. Overlaps with arXiv 1202.1195 removed, the text thouroughly reworked in terms of notation and style, historical notes as well as some other minor details adde

Mother, Father, or Parent?: College Students\u27 Intensive Parenting Attitudes Differ by Referent

Although intensive parenting is considered a dominant ideology of child-rearing, the tenets have only recently been operationalized. The Intensive Parenting Attitudes Questionnaire (IPAQ) was designed to assess the prescriptive norms of how people should parent and includes scales assessing the ideas that parenting is fulfilling, but challenging, and should be child-centered, involve intellectual stimulation, and is best done by women. The original IPAQ refers to parents, rather than mothers or fathers specifically, and was developed and validated on both women who were and were not mothers. The current investigation was designed to determine (a) whether women hold stronger intensive parenting beliefs than men and (b) whether answers on the IPAQ would vary depending on whether the referent was a mother, a father, or a parent. Participants included 322 male and female college students who were randomly assigned to receive one of three versions of the IPAQ referring either to mother, father, or parent. A main effect for sex indicated that female students held more intensive parenting beliefs than male students. A main effect for version indicated that referring to fathers led to more intensive attitudes than referring to mothers on the Child-Centered and Fulfillment scales, but parenting was rated as more Challenging than fathering. Whether the emphasis on father involvement found in the present investigation will translate into actual paternal involvement once participants have children is discussed