Behavior of Some P-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Derivatives toward Oxidizing Agents

Benzaldehyde1 and its alkyl, alkoxy and halogen substitution products are readily oxidized to the corresponding acids. Contact with air often brings about the change.2 Biicking,3 and Fittig and Remsen4 found that p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and protocatechuic aldehyde, respectively, are not readily oxidized by potassium permanganate solution. Tiemann5 could not oxidize vanillin, the 3-methyl ether of protocatechuic aldehyde, into vanillin acid by the usual methods, and Brady and Dunn6 failed to oxidize 5- bromovanillin with acetic acid solution of chromic acid and also by alkaline solution of potassium permanganate. The behavior of many vanillin substitution products7 toward the last-named reagent is now being studied. If the hydroxyl group in position 4 is exposed almost all the starting material is recovered. When the alkyl derivatives are used the corresponding acids are obtained. Results thus far indicate that the weight of the alkyl group may determine the yield of product. When a heavy alkyl is present the yield is low. 1 Wohler and Liebig, Ann., 3,250 (1832). 2 Bornemann, Ber., 17, 1466 (1884). 3 Bucking, Ber., 9,529 (1876). 4 Fittig and Remsen, Ann., 159, 150 (1871). 5 Tiemann, Ber., 9, 415 (1876). 6 Brady and Dunn, J. Chem. Soc., 107, 1859 (1915). 7 Raiford and Wells, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 57, 2500 (1935)

Multiplane gravitational lenses with an abundance of images

We consider gravitational lensing of a background source by a finite system of point-masses. The problem of determining the maximum possible number of lensed images has been completely resolved in the single-plane setting (where the point masses all reside in a single lens plane), but this problem remains open in the multiplane setting. We construct examples of $K$-plane point-mass gravitational lens ensembles that produce $\prod_{i=1}^K (5g_i-5)$ images of a single background source, where $g_i$ is the number of point masses in the $i^\text{th}$ plane. This gives asymptotically (for large $g_i$ with $K$ fixed) $5^K$ times the minimal number of lensed images. Our construction uses Rhie's single-plane examples and a structured parameter-rescaling algorithm to produce preliminary systems of equations with the desired number of solutions. Utilizing the stability principle from differential topology, we then show that the preliminary (nonphysical) examples can be perturbed to produce physically meaningful examples while preserving the number of solutions. We provide numerical simulations illustrating the result of our construction, including the positions of lensed images as well as the structure of the critical curves and caustics. We observe an interesting ``caustic of multiplicity'' phenomenon that occurs in the nonphysical case and has a noticeable effect on the caustic structure in the physically meaningful perturbative case.Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures. The paper will appear in the Journal of Mathematical Physic

A Feed Intake Monitoring System for Cattle

A system for individual feed intake measurement was designed using off-the-shelf scales, radio frequency (RF) tags, RF readers, feed bunks and a wireless communications bridge. These items were coordinated using two custom software applications and technical assistance provided by I.D.ology of Eau Claire, WI for the purpose of measuring feed conversion to live weight gain in cattle. This system has been installed for a seedstock producer and at this time there have been three groups of cattle which have passed successfully through the system

Stumbling Down the Courthouse Steps: Mediators\u27 Perceptions of the Stumbling Blocks to Successful Mandated Mediation in Child Custody and Visitation

Although many concerns and criticisms about the efficacy of family law mediation have been made by attorneys, judges, and psychologists, we seldom hear from the mediators themselves about how the process works. In this study, we examine the mediators\u27 perceptions of the stumbling blocks to success in mandatory child custody mediation and make some recommendations about how the process might be improved

Hay quality, breed, and ovarian development effects on onset of puberty and reproductive performance of beef heifers

Call number: LD2668 .T4 ASI 1989 P47Master of ScienceAnimal Sciences and Industr

Improving Cavity Enhanced Spectroscopy of Molecular Ions in the Mid-Infrared With Up-Conversion Detection and Brewster-Plate Spoilers

The performance of sensitive spectroscopic methods in the mid-IR is often limited by fringing due to parasitic etalons and the background noise in mid-infrared detectors. In particular, the technique Noise Immune Cavity Enhanced Optical Heterodyne Velocity Modulation Spectroscopy (NICE-OHVMS), which is capable of determining the frequencies of strong rovibrational transitions of molecular ions with sub-MHz uncertainty, needs improved sensitivity in order to probe weaker transitions. In this work, we have implemented up-conversion detection with NICE-OHVMS in the 3.2 - 3.9 μm region to enable the use of faster and more sensitive detectors which cover visible wavelengths. The higher bandwidth enabled detection at optimized heterodyne frequencies, which increased the overall signal from the H43 cation by a factor of three and was able to resolve sub-Doppler features which had previously overlapped. Also, we demonstrate the effectiveness of Brewster-plate spoilers to remove fringes due to parasitic etalons in a cavity enhanced technique. Together, these improvements reduced the instrument\u27s noise equivalent absorption to 5.9 X 10-11 cm-1 Hz-1/2, which represents a factor of 34 improvement in sensitivity compared to previous implementations of NICE-OHVMS. This work will enable extended high-precision spectroscopic surveys of H43 and other important molecular ions

Microwave and Millimeter Wave Techniques

Contains reports on two research projects.Joint Services Electronics Program (Contract DAAG29-78-C-0020)National Science Foundation (Grant AST77-26896

ESTIMATION OF STRATUM VARIANCES IN PLANNING OF CROP ACREAGE SURVEYS

Abstract: A modelling approach is used to obtain initial estimates of stratum crop acreage variances for designing crop surveys, particularly those using the remote sensing technology. The present methodology is developed based on the concept of stratum variance as a function of the sampling unit size and it uses primarily the historical crop statistics which are commonly available in most countries. Methods are proposed for the determination of stratum variances corresponding to unit sizes different from the sampling unit size and for which the historical crop statistics can be used. The methodology is applied to estimate stratum variances for wheat in the U.S. Great Plains. An evaluation of these estimates made by comparing them to those obtained from certain satellite sample data shows that the proposed method leads to reliable stratum variance estimates for a fairly large size (5 x 6 nautical miles area segment) sampling unit