Alien Registration- Charette, John B. (Van Buren, Aroostook County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/33204/thumbnail.jp

Coupled radon, methane and nitrate sensors for large-scale assessment of groundwater discharge and non-point source pollution to coastal waters

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2009. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 101 (2010): 553-563, doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2009.12.004.We constructed a survey system of radon/methane/nitrate/salinity to find sites of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and groundwater nitrate input. We deployed the system in Waquoit Bay and Boston Harbor, MA where we derived SGD rates using a mass balance of radon with methane serving as a fine resolution qualitative indicator of groundwater. In Waquoit Bay we identified several locations of enhanced groundwater discharge, out of which two (Childs and Quashnet Rivers) were studied in more detail. The Childs River was characterized by high nitrate input via groundwater discharge, while the Quashnet River SGD was notable but not a significant source of nitrate. Our radon survey of Boston Harbor revealed several sites with significant SGD, out of these Inner Harbor and parts of Dorchester Bay and Quincy Bay had groundwater fluxes accompanied by significant water column nitrogen concentrations. The survey system has proven effective in revealing areas of SGD and non-point source pollution.R. Camilli acknowledges the National Ocean Partnership Program (NOPP) for supporting the development of the TETHYS mass spectrometer through research grant #OCE-0537173. H. Dulaiova, M. A. Charette and R. Camilli acknowledge funding support from the WHOI Coastal Institute and MIT Sea Grant College Program under NOAA grant number NA06OAR4170019, project number 5710002173. H. Dulaiova was funded by the WHOI Academic Program’s postdoctoral scholarship

Recent Advances of the Halogen–Zinc Exchange Reaction

For the preparation of zinc organometallics bearing highly sensitive functional groups such as ketones, aldehydes or nitro groups, especially mild halogen–zinc exchange reagents have proven to be of great potential. In this Minireview, the latest research in the area of the halogen–zinc exchange reaction is reported, with a special focus lying on novel dialkylzinc reagents complexed with lithium alkoxides. Additionally, the preparation and application of organofluorine zinc reagents and transition‐metal‐catalyzed halogen–zinc exchange reactions are reviewed

The Formal Dynamism of Categories: Stops vs. Fricatives, Primitivity vs. Simplicity

Minimalist Phonology (MP; Pöchtrager 2006) constructs its theory based on the phonological epistemological principle (Kaye 2001) and exposes the arbitrary nature of standard Government Phonology (sGP) and strict-CV (sCV), particularly with reference to their confusion of melody and structure. For Pöchtrager, these are crucially different, concluding that place of articulation is melodic (expressed with elements), while manner of articulation is structural. In this model, the heads (xN and xO) can license and incorporate the length of the other into their own interpretation, that is xN influences xO projections as well as its own and vice versa. This dynamism is an aspect of the whole framework and this paper in particular will show that stops and fricatives evidence a plasticity of category and that, although fricatives are simpler in structure, stops are the more primitive of the two. This will be achieved phonologically through simply unifying the environment of application of the licensing forces within Pöchtrager's otherwise sound onset structure. In doing so, we automatically make several predictions about language acquisition and typology and show how lenition in Qiang (Sino-Tibetan) can be more elegantly explained

Increased fluxes of shelf-derived materials to the central Arctic Ocean

© The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 4 (2018): eaao1302, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao1302.Rising temperatures in the Arctic Ocean region are responsible for changes such as reduced ice cover, permafrost thawing, and increased river discharge, which, together, alter nutrient and carbon cycles over the vast Arctic continental shelf. We show that the concentration of radium-228, sourced to seawater through sediment-water exchange processes, has increased substantially in surface waters of the central Arctic Ocean over the past decade. A mass balance model for 228Ra suggests that this increase is due to an intensification of shelf-derived material inputs to the central basin, a source that would also carry elevated concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and nutrients. Therefore, we suggest that significant changes in the nutrient, carbon, and trace metal balances of the Arctic Ocean are underway, with the potential to affect biological productivity and species assemblages in Arctic surface waters.This work was funded by NSF awards OCE-1458305 to M.A.C. and OCE-1458424 to W.S.M. The Mackenzie River sampling was supported by a Graduate Student Research Award from the North Pacific Research Board to L.E.K. L.E.K. also acknowledges support from a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship. I.G.R. acknowledges funding by the contributors to the U.S. Interagency Arctic Buoy Program, which include the U.S. Coast Guard, the Department of Energy, NASA, the U.S. Navy, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and NSF

Revisiting 228Th as a tool for determining sedimentation and mass accumulation rates

© The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Tamborski, J., Cai, P., Eagle, M., Henderson, P., & Charette, M. Revisiting 228Th as a tool for determining sedimentation and mass accumulation rates. Chemical Geology, 607, (2022): 121006, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2022.121006.The use of 228Th has seen limited application for determining sedimentation and mass accumulation rates in coastal and marine environments. Recent analytical advances have enabled rapid, precise measurements of particle-bound 228Th using a radium delayed coincidence counting system (RaDeCC). Herein we review the 228Th cycle in the marine environment and revisit the historical use of 228Th as a tracer for determining sediment vertical accretion and mass accumulation rates in light of new measurement techniques. Case studies comparing accumulation rates from 228Th and 210Pb are presented for a micro-tidal salt marsh and a marginal sea environment. 228Th and 210Pb have been previously measured in mangrove, deltaic, continental shelf and ocean basin environments, and a literature synthesis reveals that 228Th (measured via alpha or gamma spectrometry) derived accumulation rates are generally equal to or greater than estimates derived from 210Pb, reflecting different integration periods. Use of 228Th is well-suited for shallow (<15 cm) cores over decadal timescales. Application is limited to relatively homogenous sediment profiles with minor variations in grain size and minimal bioturbation. When appropriate conditions are met, complimentary use of 228Th and 210Pb can demonstrate that the upper layers of a core are undisturbed and can improve spatial coverage in mapping accumulation rates due to the higher sample throughput for sediment 228Th.This research was undertaken thanks in part to funding from the Canada First Research Excellence Fund, through the Ocean Frontier Institute. This project was supported by U.S. Geological Survey Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program. Any use of trade, firm or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. PC acknowledges the support of the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) through Grants No. 92058205

Lingering radioactivity at the Bikini and Enewetak Atolls

© The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science of The Total Environment 621 (2018): 1185-1198, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.109.We made an assessment of the levels of radionuclides in the ocean waters, seafloor and groundwater at Bikini and Enewetak Atolls where the US conducted nuclear weapons tests in the 1940's and 50's. This included the first estimates of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) derived from radium isotopes that can be used here to calculate radionuclide fluxes in to the lagoon waters. While there is significant variability between sites and sample types, levels of plutonium (239,240Pu) remain several orders of magnitude higher in lagoon seawater and sediments than what is found in rest of the world's oceans. In contrast, levels of cesium-137 (137Cs) while relatively elevated in brackish groundwater are only slightly higher in the lagoon water relative to North Pacific surface waters. Of special interest was the Runit dome, a nuclear waste repository created in the 1970's within the Enewetak Atoll. Low seawater ratios of 240Pu/239Pu suggest that this area is the source of about half of the Pu in the Enewetak lagoon water column, yet radium isotopes suggest that SGD from below the dome is not a significant Pu source. SGD fluxes of Pu and Cs at Bikini were also relatively low. Thus radioactivity associated with seafloor sediments remains the largest source and long term repository for radioactive contamination. Overall, Bikini and Enewetak Atolls are an ongoing source of Pu and Cs to the North Pacific, but at annual rates that are orders of magnitude smaller than delivered via close-in fallout to the same area.Finally, none of this would have been possible without the generous financial support from the Dalio Explore Fund (WHOI #25531513) for the vessel and our post cruise analyses that together resulted in this unique and successful research program

Effectiveness of current policing-related mental health interventions in England and Wales and Crisis Intervention Teams as a future potential model: a systematic review

Background Experiencing mental ill health adds a layer of complexity for individuals in touch with the justice system and for those responsible for working in the justice service with these individuals, such as frontline police officers. In England and Wales, there are three commonly used but not necessarily commonly designed or operated, mental health interventions associated with policing, Liaison and Diversion, Street Triage and specialist staff embedded in Police Contact Control Rooms. A fourth US designed model, Crisis Intervention Teams (CITs), is now attracting some interest in England and Wales, and these four are to be considered in this review. A fifth intervention, Mental Health Courts, was trialed but has now been abandoned in England and Wales and so has been excluded, but remains in use elsewhere. In recent years, there has been an increase in the level of investment related to these intervention options. This has largely been without an evidence base being available to aid design, structure, and consistency of approach. The review will address this gap and provide a systematic review of each of these options. This will provide a baseline of research evidence for those who commission and provide services for individuals experiencing mental ill health and who are in contact with the justice system. Methods Twenty-nine relevant databases and sources have been selected which will be systematically searched to locate relevant studies. These studies have to meet the set inclusion criteria which require them to report an objective outcome measure(s) in respect of offending or mental health outcomes and to have an experimental or quasi-experimental design including a comparator group(s) or a pre/post comparison. The review will exclude PhD theses, papers in non-English languages and papers published prior to 1980. Keywords have been collected through canvassing experts’ opinion, literature review, controlled vocabulary and reviewing the results of a primary scoping review carried out to aid the development of the PICO, composed of Population/Participants, Intervention/Indicator, Comparator/Control, and Outcomes. For the proposed review, the key elements of the PICO are the following: persons with mental health problems, symptoms or diagnoses who come into contact with the police; interventions involving partnership working between police and mental health nurses and related professionals to divert those with mental health problems away from criminal justice processes; comparisons with control groups or areas where such interventions have not been introduced; and outcomes concerning criminal justice and health outcomes. The results of the searches will be screened using the set criteria and the selected papers reviewed and analysed to allow findings regarding these interventions to be reported. Discussion The objectives of the review are firstly to identify and report research on the relevant interventions, nationally and internationally and then secondly to consider, when possible, which interventions or aspects of those interventions are effective. This is judged with regard to changes in mental health status or service use and future offending behaviour. The approaches to be considered have gained a good deal of support and funding over recent years, and this review will provide a systematic review of the underpinning research evidence to inform future commissioning, service design and investment decisions

PROCESS VALIDATION IN CALCULATING MEDIAN PROXIMITY IN TIBIOFEMORAL CARTILAGE DEFORMATION UNDER FULL BODY LOADING

INTRODUCTION Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive and irreversible degradation of tibiofemoral (TF) cartilages. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a known risk factor for post-traumatic OA (PTOA) [1]. However, there are currently no in-vivo tests to diagnose pre-radiographic PTOA. Following injury, the cartilage macromolecular matrix weakens, cartilage swells and consequently cartilage softness increases [2]. This research investigates the in-vivo effects of ACL injury on cartilage deformation magnitude and rate under full body loading. The objective of this project was to determine the consequences of cartilage model mesh types and incremental mesh simplifications on the accuracy of resultant TF cartilage proximities. METHODS The affected knee of a 37 year old male PTOA subject (ACL deficient for 6 years) was imaged using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FIESTA sequence; 3T GE Discovery 750). 3D TF bone and cartilage models were generated in Amira (VSG, Germany). The subject performed a 10 minute standing task in the Dual Fluoroscopic (DF) laboratory. DF images (32LP/mm) were collected at 6Hz. Bone alignments were reconstructed from DF images using AutoScoper (Brown University, USA) and cartilage models were co-registered. TF cartilage surface proximity was determined as the surface normal distance from each triangular mesh face onto the opposing cartilage. (Matlab, v2014b, The MathWorks, USA). The effects on surface proximities of three types of triangular cartilage surface meshes, generated in Amira, were analysed: 1) Basic Simplification - reducing face numbers with variable mesh size; 2) Remeshed Surface – isotropic mesh; 3) Iteratively Smoothed Remeshed Surface. Face numbers were reduced at 10% increments from the original surface for each surface type. RESULTS Median proximity errors for the Remeshed Surface were consistently smaller than the other mesh types across all four cartilage surface compartments. The medial tibial plateau displayed a rapid increase in error (Figure 1) indicating a high sensitivity to model simplification. This may have been due to its more complex surface geometry. The maximum acceptable error was chosen to match the minimum detectable displacement of 0.05mm for this DF system [3]. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The findings of this investigation identified differences in the error of cartilage surface proximities under loading due to the use of different mesh types and simplifications. The smoothing technique used by Amira did not consistently converge to a surface and the variable triangle size in Basic Simplification affected the computation of proximity, resulting in unpredictable error spikes in cartilage surface proximity calculations. The results suggest that surface modeling parameters are surface geometry specific. The limiting case of the medial tibial plateau showed the optimal simplification was 0.594mm triangle mesh side length (40% of the original faces). These results inform ongoing work toward an in-vivo pre-radiographic diagnostic of PTOA