25 research outputs found

    Caractérisation des connexions du cortex visuel primaire chez deux modÚles de souris aveugles

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    Étude d’un matĂ©riau cathodique Ă  base d’oxyde de nickel-manganĂšse-cobalt par spectroscopie d’impĂ©dance Ă©lectrochimique pour les batteries aux ions lithium

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    Depuis leur commercialisation en 1991, les batteries aux ions lithium font partie intĂ©grante des technologies de stockage d’énergie mobile et stationnaire. Celles-ci sont actuellement utilisĂ©es dans plusieurs domaines d’avenir de la sociĂ©tĂ© tels que l’électromobilitĂ© et le stockage d’énergie renouvelable. Il est donc devenu impĂ©ratif de dĂ©velopper des outils diagnostiques permettant l’évaluation des paramĂštres liĂ©s au vieillissement des batteries aux ions lithium. En effet, l’utilisation prolongĂ©e de ce type de batteries rechargeables provoque l’apparition de plusieurs phĂ©nomĂšnes de dĂ©gradation qui rĂ©sultent en la diminution de la capacitĂ© et de la puissance initiales d’une batterie aux ions lithium. Ainsi, l’application d’une mĂ©thode diagnostique couplĂ©e Ă  de la modĂ©lisation permet d’évaluer des paramĂštres liĂ©s Ă  la dĂ©gradation de ces batteries afin d’amĂ©liorer leur durĂ©e de vie et d’assurer le maintien de leur performance. Parmi les outils diagnostiques utilisĂ©s en Ă©lectrochimie, la spectroscopie d’impĂ©dance Ă©lectrochimique se dĂ©marque comme Ă©tant une mĂ©thode d’analyse des rĂ©sistances et des capacitĂ©s internes d’un systĂšme Ă  l’étude. De plus, elle permet l’évaluation de la diffusion liquide et solide des espĂšces ioniques de ce mĂȘme systĂšme. En utilisant l’oxyde de nickel-manganĂšse-cobalt lithiĂ© (LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2, NMC111) comme matĂ©riau modĂšle d’électrode positive, une mĂ©thode diagnostique utilisant la spectroscopie d’impĂ©dance Ă  basse frĂ©quence a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e afin d’étudier l’évolution des paramĂštres internes de dĂ©gradation de ce matĂ©riau cathodique (rĂ©sistances, capacitĂ©s et coefficient de diffusion Ă  l’état solide des ions lithium) en fonction de l’état de charge de la batterie. Dans la premiĂšre partie de ce manuscrit, le dĂ©veloppement et la validation de cette mĂ©thode sont dĂ©crits en dĂ©tail. Une cellule Ă  trois Ă©lectrodes de type Swagelok a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©e afin d’obtenir un spectre d’impĂ©dance Ă©lectrochimique qui reprĂ©sente seulement les paramĂštres internes de la cathode. En effet, l’insertion d’une micro-rĂ©fĂ©rence d’or lithiĂ©e entre les Ă©lectrodes positive et nĂ©gative d’une cellule permet la dĂ©convolution des spectres d’impĂ©dance Ă©lectrochimique. Cette lithiation s’effectue in situ, c’est-Ă -dire en rĂ©duisant du lithium Ă  la surface de la coupe transversale du fil d’or de 50 ÎŒm de diamĂštre aprĂšs l’assemblage de la cellule. Par la suite, ce systĂšme a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© afin d’évaluer l’effet de l’état de charge de la batterie sur les paramĂštres internes de la cathode, et ce durant le premier cycle de charge/dĂ©charge et aprĂšs un court vieillissement de 50 cycles. De plus, trois potentiels limites supĂ©rieurs ont Ă©tĂ© choisis (4,2, 4,4 et 4,6 V vs Li/Li+) afin d’observer l’effet de cycler Ă  l’extĂ©rieur de la plage de stabilitĂ© du NMC111 sur les paramĂštres de dĂ©gradation Ă©tudiĂ©s. La mĂ©thode diagnostique consiste donc Ă  effectuer des analyses de spectroscopie d’impĂ©dance Ă©lectrochimique Ă  chaque tranche de 5 Ă  10% d’état de charge atteinte ou perdue durant la charge ou la dĂ©charge, respectivement, et ce Ă  diffĂ©rents potentiels limites supĂ©rieurs. De cette façon, l’évolution des paramĂštres de transfert de charge (rĂ©sistances de l’électrolyte, de contact et de transfert de charge et capacitĂ©s de contact et de double couche) et de masse (coefficient de diffusion Ă  l’état solide des ions lithium) a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e selon le potentiel Ă  circuit ouvert de la batterie. Ensuite, la deuxiĂšme partie de ce document explore la synthĂšse de NMC monocristallin par co-prĂ©cipitation dans un rĂ©acteur Ă  agitation constante. Contrairement au NMC polycristallin utilisĂ© pour le dĂ©veloppement de la mĂ©thode diagnostique, le NMC monocristallin est moins affectĂ© par certains phĂ©nomĂšnes de dĂ©gradation telle la formation de fissures interparticulaires. Ainsi, en effectuant la synthĂšse de NMC monocristallin il a Ă©tĂ© possible de comparer l’évolution des paramĂštres de transfert de charge (rĂ©sistances de l’électrolyte, de contact et de transfert de charge et capacitĂ©s de contact et de double couche) pour le premier cycle de charge/dĂ©charge Ă  4,2 V vs Li/Li+. Ces rĂ©sultats sont prĂ©liminaires, c’est-Ă -dire que davantage d’optimisation de la mĂ©thode de synthĂšse du NMC monocristallin est nĂ©cessaire pour ensuite appliquer l’ensemble de la mĂ©thode diagnostique. Cette section dĂ©crit donc une premiĂšre perspective intĂ©ressante au projet qui utiliserait la mĂ©thode diagnostique prĂ©cĂ©demment dĂ©veloppĂ©e

    Neuroligin-1 Is Altered in the Hippocampus of Alzheimer\u27s Disease Patients and Mouse Models, and Modulates the Toxicity of Amyloid-Beta Oligomers

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    Synapse loss occurs early and correlates with cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Synaptotoxicity is driven, at least in part, by amyloid-beta oligomers (AÎČo), but the exact synaptic components targeted by AÎČo remain to be identified. We here tested the hypotheses that the post-synaptic protein Neuroligin-1 (NLGN1) is affected early in the process of neurodegeneration in the hippocampus, and specifically by AÎČo, and that it can modulate AÎČo toxicity. We found that hippocampal NLGN1 was decreased in patients with AD in comparison to patients with mild cognitive impairment and control subjects. Female 3xTg-AD mice also showed a decreased NLGN1 level in the hippocampus at an early age (i.e., 4 months). We observed that chronic hippocampal AÎČo injections initially increased the expression of one specific Nlgn1 transcript, which was followed by a clear decrease. Lastly, the absence of NLGN1 decreased neuronal counts in the dentate gyrus, which was not the case in wild-type animals, and worsens impairment in spatial learning following chronic hippocampal AÎČo injections. Our findings support that NLGN1 is impacted early during neurodegenerative processes, and that AÎČo contributes to this effect. Moreover, our results suggest that the presence of NLGN1 favors the cognitive prognosis during AÎČo-driven neurodegeneration

    L’impact de l’isolement social engendrĂ© par la covid-19 sur le fonctionnement cognitif et la capacitĂ© Ă  rĂ©aliser les activitĂ©s des personnes aĂźnĂ©es vivant avec un trouble neurocognitif : rĂ©sultats d’une Ă©tude de portĂ©e

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    La pandĂ©mie de la COVID-19 a entraĂźnĂ© la mise en place de plusieurs mesures sociosanitaires. À notre connaissance, aucune recension des Ă©crits ne s’est intĂ©ressĂ©e aux impacts de ces mesures sur le fonctionnement cognitif et la capacitĂ© Ă  rĂ©aliser des activitĂ©s du quotidien, notamment chez les personnes aĂźnĂ©es vivant avec un trouble neurocognitif (TNC). Le but de cette Ă©tude de portĂ©e est donc d’explorer les impacts de l’isolement social prolongĂ©, causĂ© par la COVID-19, sur le fonctionnement cognitif et la capacitĂ© Ă  rĂ©aliser les activitĂ©s du quotidien des personnes aĂźnĂ©es vivant avec un TNC. L’étude de portĂ©e utilisant la mĂ©thode de Arksey et O’Malley a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e dans cinq banques de donnĂ©es (MedLine, APA PsycInfo, Cinahl, AgeLine et Abstract in Social Gerontology), Ă  partir de 22 mots clĂ©s. Les 31 articles inclus dans cette Ă©tude de portĂ©e montrent une augmentation du dĂ©clin cognitif gĂ©nĂ©ral (n = 23 ; 74,2 %), de mĂȘme qu’une diminution de la capacitĂ© Ă  rĂ©aliser les activitĂ©s du quotidien (n = 20 ; 64,5 %), principalement au niveau des loisirs (n = 7 ; 22,6 %) et des soins personnels (n = 6 ; 19,3 %). Ces impacts sont dus Ă  une diminution des opportunitĂ©s de stimulation cognitive consĂ©cutive Ă  l’isolement social prolongĂ© et Ă  l’interruption des services de santĂ© et de soutien offerts Ă  cette clientĂšle. Il importe de dĂ©velopper et de mettre en place des interventions permettant de prĂ©venir les pertes cognitives et la capacitĂ© Ă  rĂ©aliser les activitĂ©s du quotidien dans l’éventualitĂ© oĂč un isolement social prolongĂ© serait imposĂ©, afin de favoriser le bien-ĂȘtre de cette clientĂšle. ---- Public health measures were implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic. To our knowledge, no literature review has focused on the impacts of these measures on cognitive functioning, nor on the realization of activities in older adults living with a neurocognitive disorder (NCD). Hence, this scoping review explores the impacts of prolonged periods of social isolation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on cognitive functioning in older adults living with a NCD and their ability to carry out daily activities. From 22 keywords, 31 articles were retrieved from five electronic databases. Results: Most of the participants in the included studies were living with a NCD (n = 24; 77.4%). Evidence suggests that a decrease in cognitive stimulation opportunities, an augmentation of periods of social isolation, and an interruption of healthcare services and support generate a general cognitive decline (n = 23; 74.2%), as well as an augmentation of difficulties performing daily activities (n = 20; 64.5%), mainly leisure activities (n = 7; 22.6%) and personal care (n = 6; 19.3%). The results of the present study show the importance of developing and implementing alternatives that will prevent cognitive loss and the realization of activities if another prolonged period of social isolation is imposed

    Two massive rocky planets transiting a K-dwarf 6.5 parsecs away

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    Support for this work was provided by NASA. M.G. is grateful to NASA and SSC Director for having supported his searches for RV planets with Spitzer. M.G. and V.V.G. are Research Associates at the Belgian Scientific Research Fund (F.R.S.-FNRS). The research leading to these results has received funding from the ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions, financed by the Wallonia–Brussels Federation.HD 219134 is a K-dwarf star at a distance of 6.5 parsecs around which several low-mass planets were recently discovered1,2. The Spitzer Space Telescope detected a transit of the innermost of these planets, HD 219134 b, whose mass and radius (4.5 M⊕ and 1.6 R⊕ respectively) are consistent with a rocky composition1. Here, we report new high-precision time-series photometry of the star acquired with Spitzer revealing that the second innermost planet of the system, HD 219134c, is also transiting. A global analysis of the Spitzer transit light curves and the most up-to-date HARPS-N velocity data set yields mass and radius estimations of 4.74 ± 0.19 M⊕ and 1.602 ± 0.055 R⊕ for HD 219134 b, and of 4.36 ± 0.22 M⊕ and 1.511 ± 0.047 R⊕ for HD 219134 c. These values suggest rocky compositions for both planets. Thanks to the proximity and the small size of their host star (0.778 ± 0.005 R ⊙ )3, these two transiting exoplanets — the nearest to the Earth yet found — are well suited for a detailed characterization (for example, precision of a few per cent on mass and radius, and constraints on the atmospheric properties) that could give important constraints on the nature and formation mechanism of the ubiquitous short-period planets of a few Earth masses.PostprintPeer reviewe

    TOI-836 : a super-Earth and mini-Neptune transiting a nearby K-dwarf

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    Funding: TGW, ACC, and KH acknowledge support from STFC consolidated grant numbers ST/R000824/1 and ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant ST/R003203/1.We present the discovery of two exoplanets transiting TOI-836 (TIC 440887364) using data from TESS Sector 11 and Sector 38. TOI-836 is a bright (T = 8.5 mag), high proper motion (∌200 mas yr−1), low metallicity ([Fe/H]≈−0.28) K-dwarf with a mass of 0.68 ± 0.05 M⊙ and a radius of 0.67 ± 0.01 R⊙. We obtain photometric follow-up observations with a variety of facilities, and we use these data-sets to determine that the inner planet, TOI-836 b, is a 1.70 ± 0.07 R⊕ super-Earth in a 3.82 day orbit, placing it directly within the so-called ‘radius valley’. The outer planet, TOI-836 c, is a 2.59 ± 0.09 R⊕ mini-Neptune in an 8.60 day orbit. Radial velocity measurements reveal that TOI-836 b has a mass of 4.5 ± 0.9 M⊕, while TOI-836 c has a mass of 9.6 ± 2.6 M⊕. Photometric observations show Transit Timing Variations (TTVs) on the order of 20 minutes for TOI-836 c, although there are no detectable TTVs for TOI-836 b. The TTVs of planet TOI-836 c may be caused by an undetected exterior planet.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

    TOI-836: A super-Earth and mini-Neptune transiting a nearby K-dwarf

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    We present the discovery of two exoplanets transiting TOI-836 (TIC 440887364) using data from TESS Sector 11 and Sector 38. TOI-836 is a bright (T=8.5T = 8.5 mag), high proper motion (∌ 200\sim\,200 mas yr−1^{-1}), low metallicity ([Fe/H]≈ −0.28\approx\,-0.28) K-dwarf with a mass of 0.68±0.050.68\pm0.05 M⊙_{\odot} and a radius of 0.67±0.010.67\pm0.01 R⊙_{\odot}. We obtain photometric follow-up observations with a variety of facilities, and we use these data-sets to determine that the inner planet, TOI-836 b, is a 1.70±0.071.70\pm0.07 R⊕_{\oplus} super-Earth in a 3.82 day orbit, placing it directly within the so-called 'radius valley'. The outer planet, TOI-836 c, is a 2.59±0.092.59\pm0.09 R⊕_{\oplus} mini-Neptune in an 8.60 day orbit. Radial velocity measurements reveal that TOI-836 b has a mass of 4.5±0.94.5\pm0.9 M⊕_{\oplus} , while TOI-836 c has a mass of 9.6±2.69.6\pm2.6 M⊕_{\oplus}. Photometric observations show Transit Timing Variations (TTVs) on the order of 20 minutes for TOI-836 c, although there are no detectable TTVs for TOI-836 b. The TTVs of planet TOI-836 c may be caused by an undetected exterior planet

    Two temperate super-Earths transiting a nearby late-type M dwarf

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    peer reviewedIn the age of JWST, temperate terrestrial exoplanets transiting nearby late-type M dwarfs provide unique opportunities for characterising their atmospheres, as well as searching for biosignature gases. We report here the discovery and validation of two temperate super-Earths transiting LP 890-9 (TOI-4306, SPECULOOS-2), a relatively low-activity nearby (32 pc) M6V star. The inner planet, LP 890-9b, was first detected by TESS (and identified as TOI-4306.01) based on four sectors of data. Intensive photometric monitoring of the system with the SPECULOOS Southern Observatory then led to the discovery of a second outer transiting planet, LP 890-9c (also identified as SPECULOOS-2c), previously undetected by TESS. The orbital period of this second planet was later confirmed by MuSCAT3 follow-up observations. With a mass of 0.118±0.002 M⊙, a radius of 0.1556±0.0086 R⊙, and an effective temperature of 2850±75 K, LP 890-9 is the second-coolest star found to host planets, after TRAPPIST-1. The inner planet has an orbital period of 2.73 d, a radius of 1.320+0.053−0.027 R⊕, and receives an incident stellar flux of 4.09±0.12 S⊕. The outer planet has a similar size of 1.367+0.055−0.039 R⊕ and an orbital period of 8.46 d. With an incident stellar flux of 0.906 ± 0.026 S⊕, it is located within the conservative habitable zone, very close to its inner limit. Although the masses of the two planets remain to be measured, we estimated their potential for atmospheric characterisation via transmission spectroscopy using a mass-radius relationship and found that, after the TRAPPIST-1 planets, LP 890-9c is the second-most favourable habitable-zone terrestrial planet known so far. The discovery of this remarkable system offers another rare opportunity to study temperate terrestrial planets around our smallest and coolest neighbours

    TOI-836: A super-Earth and mini-Neptune transiting a nearby K-dwarf

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    L'ekphrasis: pour une nouvelle "fable" chez Claude Simon

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    This Master's thesis seeks, through the analysis of La Route des Flandres, La Bataille de Pharsale and Les GĂ©orgiques, to illustrate how Claude Simon manages to produce a story with a plot based essentially on the internal logic of the language. Claude Simon ignores the narrative style typical of a traditional fable, instead benefitting a reality based on the description of artwork. With the frequent use of ekphraseis, the writer draws us into a discursive adventure where the external references tend to disappear to be replaced by those of representation. From the outset, the narrative takes a unique shape and brings into question established principles of realist illusions.Ce mĂ©moire de maĂźtrise cherche, Ă  travers l'analyse de La Route des Flandres, La Bataille de Pharsale et Les GĂ©orgiques, Ă  illustrer comment Claude Simon parvient Ă  produire un rĂ©cit et une intrigue fondĂ©s essentiellement sur une logique interne de la langue qui fait fi des catĂ©gories narratives au profit d'une rĂ©alitĂ© issue de la description d'Ɠuvres d'art. GrĂące Ă  l'emploi frĂ©quent d'ekphraseis, l'Ă©crivain nous plonge dans une aventure discursive oĂč les rĂ©fĂ©rents externes tendent Ă  disparaĂźtre pour ĂȘtre remplacĂ©s par ceux de la reprĂ©sentation. D'entrĂ©e de jeu, une nouvelle production prend son essor et met en question les nombreux acquis de l'illusion rĂ©aliste
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