Rôle des hélicases à motif DEAD DDX5 et DDX17 dans la maturation des ARN du Virus de l'Hépatite B

Role of the DEAD-box helicases DDX5 and DDX17 in HBV transcriptional regulation and RNA processingChronicity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection hinges on the persistence of covalently-closed-circular DNA (cccDNA) in the nucleus of infected hepatocytes. The viral genome associates with histones and non-histone proteins to build a chromatin structure that is subjected to epigenetic regulation translating into different levels of biological activity. A better understanding of the host factors orchestrating HBV minichromosome transcriptional regulation and RNA processing is fundamental for deciphering the mechanisms at the basis of HBV persistence and reactivation. In order to identify the cellular factors regulating cccDNA biology, an ambitious project of cccDNA proteomics (ChroP) has been initiated by Dr. Barbara Testoni. Among the identified cccDNA-associated proteins, the DEAD-box RNA helicases DDX5 and DDX17 particularly interested us for their driving role in mammalian transcriptional regulation and RNA metabolism. Thus, we investigated their role in cccDNA transcriptional activity regulation and HBV RNA processing. Precise characterization of HBV transcripts was performed with a 5' RACE approach set up and published in our lab by Dr. Bernd Stadelmayer. This technique was applied to study viral transcript in a context of DDX5/17 depletion. Furthermore, DDX5/17 belong to the insulator complex CCCTC-binding protein (CTCF). We therefore investigated the role of CTCF in cccDNA biology and viral RNA metabolism. In HBV infected HepG2-NTCP and Primary Human Hepatocytes, siRNA knockdown of DDX5/17 led to a shortening of all the viral transcripts, together with an increase in viral transcript levels and viral particles accumulation in the cytoplasm, without affecting the global level of cccDNA. Next and third generation sequencing allowed the identification of alternative splicing of pgRNA-derived spliced variants and differential usage of polyadenylation site during HBV RNA transcription. Moreover, RNA immunoprecipitation of DDX5 and DDX17 revealed that both of these proteins are directly associated to the viral transcripts and recruit two factors, CPSF6 and NUDT21, involved in alternative polyadenylation site choice. Moreover, we identified CTCF binding sites on HBV genome and by site directed mutagenesis we showed that mutations in CTCF binding sites affect CTCF and DDX5/17 recruitment to cccDNA and subsequently impact HBV RNA processing. Altogether, our data highlight an essential role of DDX5 and DDX17 in the fine tuning of HBV RNA processing, in complex with the insulator protein CTCF and termination factors at the interface between cccDNA and HBV transcriptsRôle des hélicases DDX5 et DDX17 dans la régulation transcriptionnelle et la maturation des ARN du Virus de l'hépatite B. La chronicité du virus de l'hépatite B (VHB) repose sur la persistance de l'ADN circulaire et clos de manière covalente (ADNccc) dans le noyau des hépatocytes infectés. Le génome viral présente une structure chromatinisée sujette à des régulations épigénétiques impactant son activité biologique à différents niveaux. Une meilleure connaissance des facteurs cellulaires orchestrant la régulation transcriptionnelle et post-transcriptionnelle de l'ADNccc est fondamentale dans la compréhension des mécanismes à l'origine de la persistance du VHB. Afin d'identifier les acteurs cellulaires impliqués dans la biologie de l'ADNccc, un ambitieux projet de protéomique de l'ADNccc (ChROP) a été initié par le Dr. Barbara Testoni. Parmi les candidats identifiés, les hélicases à ARN DDX5 et DDX17 ont particulièrement attiré notre attention. DDX5 et DDX17 jouent un rôle crucial dans la régulation de la transcription et le métabolisme des ARN. Nous avons donc évalué leur rôle dans la régulation transcriptionnelle de l'ADNccc et le métabolisme des ARN viraux. Afin d'étudier de manière précise les différents transcrits du VHB, une technique de 5' RACE a été mise au point au laboratoire par le Dr. Bernd Stadelmayer, et a fait l'objet d'une publication. Cette technique a permis l'étude des ARN du VHB dans un contexte de déplétion des hélicases DDX5 et DDX17. Par ailleurs, DDX5/17 appartiennent au complexe insulateur de CCCTC-binding protein (CTCF). Nous avons donc en parallèle étudié le rôle de CTCF dans la biologie de l'ADNccc et le métabolisme des ARN viraux. Dans des cellules HepG2-NTCP et des hépatocytes primaires humains infectés par le VHB, la répression de DDX5/17 entraine un raccourcissement de tous les ARN viraux. Des séquençages de dernière et troisième génération ont permis l'identification de variants d’épissage alternatif ainsi qu’une utilisation différentielle du site de polyadénylation lors de la transcription des transcrits viraux. Des expériences d'immunoprécipitation de l'ARN ont montré que DDX5 et DDX17 s'associent directement aux ARN viraux et recrutent CPSF6 et NUDT21, deux facteurs impliqués dans le choix du site de polyadénylation. Par ailleurs, nous avons identifié des sites de liaison de CTCF sur le génome du VHB et par mutagénèse dirigé, nous avons mis en évidence que la mutation de ces sites impacte le recrutement de CTCF et de DDX5/17 sur l’ADNccc et affecte métabolisme des ARN viraux. L'ensemble de ces données met donc en lumière un rôle essentiel de DDX5 et DDX17 dans la maturation des ARN viraux, en complexe avec la protéine insulatrice CTCF et des facteurs de temrination, à l'interface entre l'ADNccc et les transcripts du VH

Quantification and epigenetic evaluation of the residual pool of hepatitis B covalently closed circular DNA in long-term nucleoside analogue-treated patients

Abstract Hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular (ccc)DNA is the key genomic form responsible for viral persistence and virological relapse after treatment withdrawal. The assessment of residual intrahepatic cccDNA levels and activity after long-term nucleos(t)ide analogues therapy still represents a technical challenge. Quantitative (q)PCR, rolling circle amplification (RCA) and droplet digital (dd)PCR assays were used to quantify residual intrahepatic cccDNA in liver biopsies from 56 chronically HBV infected patients after 3 to 5 years of telbivudine treatment. Activity of residual cccDNA was evaluated by quantifying 3.5 kB HBV RNA (preC/pgRNA) and by assessing cccDNA-associated histone tails post-transcriptional modifications (PTMs) by micro-chromatin immunoprecipitation. Long-term telbivudine treatment resulted in serum HBV DNA suppression, with most of the patients reaching undetectable levels. Despite 38 out of 56 patients had undetectable cccDNA when assessed by qPCR, RCA and ddPCR assays detected cccDNA in all-but-one negative samples. Low preC/pgRNA level in telbivudine-treated samples was associated with enrichment for cccDNA histone PTMs related to repressed transcription. No difference in cccDNA levels was found according to serum viral markers evolution. This panel of cccDNA evaluation techniques should provide an added value for the new proof-of-concept clinical trials aiming at a functional cure of chronic hepatitis B

CRISPR-Cas9 Targeting of Hepatitis B Virus Covalently Closed Circular DNA Generates Transcriptionally Active Episomal Variants

Hepatitis B virus infection can develop into chronic infection, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B requires novel approaches to directly target the viral minichromosome, which is responsible for the persistence of the disease

Cryo-EM reveals the architecture of the PELP1-WDR18 molecular scaffold.

PELP1 (Proline-, Glutamic acid-, Leucine-rich protein 1) is a large scaffolding protein that functions in many cellular pathways including steroid receptor (SR) coactivation, heterochromatin maintenance, and ribosome biogenesis. PELP1 is a proto-oncogene whose expression is upregulated in many human cancers, but how the PELP1 scaffold coordinates its diverse cellular functions is poorly understood. Here we show that PELP1 serves as the central scaffold for the human Rix1 complex whose members include WDR18, TEX10, and SENP3. We reconstitute the mammalian Rix1 complex and identified a stable sub-complex comprised of the conserved PELP1 Rix1 domain and WDR18. We determine a 2.7 Å cryo-EM structure of the subcomplex revealing an interconnected tetrameric assembly and the architecture of PELP1's signaling motifs, including eleven LxxLL motifs previously implicated in SR signaling and coactivation of Estrogen Receptor alpha (ERα) mediated transcription. However, the structure shows that none of these motifs is in a conformation that would support SR binding. Together this work establishes that PELP1 scaffolds the Rix1 complex, and association with WDR18 may direct PELP1's activity away from SR coactivation

HIRA Supports Hepatitis B Virus Minichromosome Establishment and Transcriptional Activity in Infected Hepatocytes

International audienc

Hepatic inflammation elicits production of proinflammatory netrin‐1 through exclusive activation of translation

International audienc