English Catholics & anti-Catholicism in the mid-Victorian era : anti-papal or anti-imperialist?.

The primary intent of this research is to evaluate and deduce events, leading up to, during, and after, the restoration of the Catholic hierarchy in Great Britain. The culmination of this work questions the perception of how reactionist British Protestants opposed this sudden policy stemming from the Vatican and if such opposition vilified English Catholics, despite their own national distinction. These accounts will also establish both political and public responses against these papal designs and conclude that the traditional Catholic vs. Protestant remained a secondary priority, this British opposition sought to limit and restrict the influence of a foreign institution upon a susceptible minority of the population. This culminated in a mass of public outcries and governmental policies directed against the pope, his Catholic bishops, and institutions in an effort to regulate and contain papal influence. Hence, despite the traditional Protestant arguments, these measures still, to an extent, recognized English Catholics as British subjects and ultimately resulted as an anti-imperialist response to thwart a foreign outlet in the heart of the British Empire. This area of study commences with controversy surrounding the Oxford Movement in the 1840s, the climatic events that occurred in 1850, and ends with circumstances leading up to radical church renovations and demolitions in the following decades. Given the immense public pressure being exerted upon Parliament during the early months of the restoration of the Catholic hierarchy, a considerable number of sources are surrounding policy and public opinion within London. Yet other materials also consider anti-papal reaction directed towards the Oxford Movement. The dichotomy of the newspapers of this mid-Victorian Era include, The Era, The Times, The London Standard, The Morning Chronicle, The Worcester Journal, and others. Primary sources reflect the public statements and correspondence of Prime Minister Lord John Russell, Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman, and Archbishop Archibald C. Tait. These particular sources are indicated the British Library and Lambeth Palace Library. The British Library consisted of a majority of correspondence letters, some within manuscripts and other published, sent to and from the prime minister addressing the problem of the restoration of the Catholic hierarchy. A considerable number of published sources from ultra-conservative Protestants is considered. To this effect, the archives within Lambeth Palace and published works within the British Library have contributed a host of rare and unique sources attributing to this research

Cambio y Revolución : el surgimiento del Sistema Nacional Único de Salud en Cuba, 1959-1970

En este artículo se analiza la repercusión que tuvieron en la salud pública cubana las reformas políticas, económicas y sociales ocurridas después de la Revolución de 1959, y las importantes transformaciones acontecidas en el sistema sanitario cubano durante la década de 1960, tales como la creación del nuevo Ministerio de Salud Pública, la nacionalización de la industria farmacéutica, la emigración de un elevado porcentaje de profesionales, la reforma de la educación médica, la lucha ideológica en el Colegio Médico, la creación del Servicio Médico Social Rural, la incorporación de los principios socialistas en la salud pública, y el desarrollo de la asistencia primaria de salud. Como demuestra este artículo, estas medidas guiaron la reforma sanitaria cubana hacia la creación, en el año de 1970, de un sistema nacional único de salud

Value stream mapping in a discrete manufacturing: A case study

The purpose of this paper is to apply value stream mapping (VSM) for making improvement roadmap in a discrete manufacturing organization. This study provides an up-to-date, review of value stream mapping. A systematic methodology is presented in this paper for selecting product family and processes for improvements. A current state map is developed after critical observations, calculations, and analysis for identifying wastes in current system. The various tools of lean manufacturing are then discussed to establish improvement roadmap, which lead to future state mapping. The improvements evaluated on key performance indicators such as lead time, inventory reduction and increased value addition. In order to implement VSM in a discrete manufacturing organization, this study gives a complete overview of conducting value stream mapping study. The value stream mapping study reported is an original work of the authors which conducted in discrete manufacturing scenario represented by low volume with high variety products. With this context of complexity to develop value stream maps, the study is considered to be highly valuable

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Condición absorbente discreta no local (DNL) en diferencias finitas para modelos elípticos de propagación de ondas en el mar

RESUMEN El método de diferencias finitas es empleado para obtener soluciones aproximadas de problemas de radiación y dispersión de ondas modeladas por la ecuación de Berkhoff en dominios no acotados. Un método operacional ha sido desarrollado para incorporar la condición de radiación exacta en el infinito en el esquema numérico. La determinación del espectro del operador discreto de Helmholtz sobre un dominio estructurado ha posibilitado la obtención de una condición de frontera perfectamente absorbente no local en el medio discreto. Las pruebas numéricas validan estas conclusiones. NON-LOCAL ABSORBING DISCRETE BOUNDARY CONDITION (DNL) IN FINITE ELEMENTS.FOR WATER WAVES ELLIPTIC MODELS SUMMARY The finite difference method is used to approximate the solutions of Berkhoff s equation for water radiation and scattering in an unbounded domain. To incorporate the exact far field radiation condition in the numerical scheme an operational method has been developed. The determination of Hemholz discrete operator spectrum over a structured domain allows the design of a non-local perfectly absorbent boundary condition in the discrete medium. Numerical tests validate these conclusions.Peer Reviewe

La vacunación: estrategia fundamental en la eliminación de la viruela en Cuba (1804-1923)

The epidemics of smallpox lashed Cuba since 1522, producing high morbidity and mortality which with different ups and downs in its development, had as central figure Tomas Romay. The main aim of this paper is to analyze the results of the vaccination strategy performed in Cuba for the elimination of smallpox in Cuba and how the institutions were transformed in re­lation to the advances and production of the vaccine. The primary sources used have been diverse: epidemiological and statistical sources, documents related to organisms set up for to the spread and production of the vaccine, institutional reports and local scientific journalism. The work reconstructs the role played by the Central Vaccine Board (1804) emerged to plan, execute and expand this strategy in the territory, the Animal Vaccination Institute (1873) and the General Vaccine Center (1883) to produce it. In the twentieth century, it became mandatory by law and together with strict isolation measures taken on cases and spot checks, led to the elimination of the disease in 1923.Las epidemias de viruela azotaron a Cuba desde 1522, produciendo elevada morbilidad y mortalidad. En 1804, se inició la estrategia de vacunación contra esta enfermedad que, con distintos avatares y fases en su desarrollo, tuvo como figura central a Tomas Romay. El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar los resultados de la estrategia de vacunación llevada a cabo en la eliminación de la viruela en Cuba y como se transformaron las instituciones en relación a los avances y producción de la vacuna en función del contexto científico, social y político del periodo estudiado. Las fuentes primarias utilizadas han sido diversas: fuentes de tipo epidemiológico y estadístico, documentos relacionados con los organismos puestos en marcha para la propagación y producción de la vacuna, informes institucionales y periodismo científico local. El trabajo reconstruye el papel jugado por la Junta Central de la Vacuna (1804), para planificar, ejecutar y expandir esta estrategia en el territorio, el Instituto de Vacunación Animal (1873) y el Centro General de la Vacuna (1883) en la producción de la misma. En el siglo XX, se convirtió en obligatoria por ley y junto a las estrictas medidas de aislamiento tomadas sobre los casos y los controles de focos, llevaron a la eliminación de la enfermedad a partir de 1923

Discrete non‐local absorbing boundary condition for exterior problems governed by Helmholtz equation

The finite element method is employed to approximate the solutions of the Helmholtz equation for water wave radiation and scattering in an unbounded domain. A discrete, non‐local and non‐reflecting boundary condition is specified at an artificial external boundary by the DNL method, yielding an equivalent problem that is solved in a bounded domain. This procedure formulates a boundary value problem in a bounded region by imposing a relation in the discrete medium between the nodal values at the two last layers. For plane geometry, this relation can be found by straightforward eigenvalue decomposition. For circular geometry, the plane condition is applied at the external layer and this condition is condensed through a structured annular region, resulting in a condition at an inner radius. Exterior problems with a bounded internal physical obstacle are considered. It is well‐known that these kind of problems are well‐posed, and have a unique solution. Numerical studies based on standard Galerkin methodology examine the dependence of the DNL condition with respect to the circular annular region width. The DNL condition is compared with local boundary conditions of several orders. Numerical examples confirm the important improvement in accuracy obtained by the DNL method over standard conditions.&nbsp

A discrete non‐local (DNL) outgoing boundary condition for diffraction of surface waves

A discrete non‐local (DNL) boundary condition is used to solve the water waves propagation problem over variable depth. This condition is obtained by means of full solution of the discrete Helmholtz operator in a structured network. We consider a simulation of wave propagation around a circular island located on either a paraboloidal shoal or constant depth bathymetry. Such examples confirm the important improvement in accuracy for the DNL method over standard conditions in the near field