9,065 research outputs found
Reconnection Electric Field and Hardness of X-Ray Emission of Solar Flares
Magnetic reconnection is believed to be the prime mechanism to trigger solar
flares and accelerate electrons up to energies of MeV. In the classical
two-dimensional reconnection model, the separation motion of chromospheric
ribbons manifests the successive reconnection that takes place higher up in the
corona. Meanwhile, downward traveling energetic electrons bombard the dense
chromosphere and create hard X-ray (HXR) emissions, which provide a valuable
diagnostic of electron acceleration. Analyses of ribbon dynamics and HXR
spectrum have been carried out separately. In this Letter, we report a study of
the comparison of reconnection electric field measured from ribbon motion and
hardness (spectral index) of X-ray emission derived from X-ray spectrum. Our
survey of the maximum average reconnection electric field and the minimum
overall spectral index for 13 two-ribbon flares show that they are strongly
anti-correlated. The former is also strongly correlated with flare magnitude
measured using the peak flux of soft X-ray emissions. These provide strong
support for electron acceleration models based on the electric field generated
at reconnecting current sheet during flares.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures. Accepted to Astrophysical Journal Letters 2009
Mar 2
A New Method for Figuring the Number of Hidden Layer Nodes in BP Algorithm
In the field of artificial neural network, BP neural network is a multi-layer feed-forward neural network. Because it is difficult to figure the number of hidden layer nodes in a BP neural network, the theoretical basis and the existing methods for BP network hidden layer nodes are studied. Then based on traditional empirical formulas, we propose a new approach to rapidly figure the quantity of hidden layer nodes in two-layer network. That is, with the assistance of experience formulas, the horizon of unit number in hidden layer can be confirmed and its optimal value will be found in this horizon. Finally, a new formula for figuring the quantity of hidden layer codes is obtained through fitting input dimension, output dimension and the optimal value of hidden layer codes. Under some given input dimension and output dimension, efficiency and precision of BP algorithm may be improved by applying the proposed formula
Optimization of 3D ZnO brush-like nanorods for dye-sensitized solar cells
© 2018 The Royal Society of Chemistry This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Unported 3.0 license (CC BY 3.0), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly citedIn a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) the amount of adsorbed dye on the photoanode surface is a key factor that must be maximized in order to obtain enhanced DSSC performance. In this study 3D ZnO nanostructures, named brush-like, are demonstrated as alternative photoanodes. In these structures, long ZnO nanorods are covered with a metal-organic precursor, known as a layered-hydroxide zinc salt (LHZS), which is subsequently converted to crystalline ZnO using two-step annealing. The LHZS is able to easily grow on any surface, such as the ZnO nanorod surface, without needing the assistance of a seed-layer. Brush-like structures synthesized using different citrate concentrations in the growth solutions and different annealing conditions are characterized and tested as DSSC photoanodes. The best-performing structure reported in this study was obtained using the highest citrate concentration (1.808 mM) and the lowest temperature annealing condition in an oxidative environment. Conversion efficiency as high as 1.95% was obtained when these brush-like structures were employed as DSSC photoanodes. These results are extremely promising for the implementation of these innovative structures in enhanced DSSCs, as well as in other applications that require the maximization of surface area exposed by ZnO or similar semiconductors, such as gas- or bio-sensing or photocatalysis.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio
Mutational Analysis of GATA4 and NKX2.5 Genes in Dilated Cardiomyopathy Patients
Purpose: To evaluate the lipid profile abnormalities and association of the GATA4 (1232 C→T) and NKX 2.5 (73C→T) gene polymorphisms with Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) among Chinese population.Methods: The blood samples were collected from the Outpatient Department (OPD) of Cardiology Unit, Zhengzhou Central Hospital, China for a period of three years from 2010 – 2013. Dilated cardiomyopathy cases (n = 270) and healthy controls (n = 290) were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism, (RFLP) denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and sequencing.Results: Evaluation of the age and sex of the patients indicated that DCM was more prevalent among males (71.1 %) than in females (28.9 %). Mean (± SD) values of the serum total cholesterol and serum LDL-cholesterol were higher in DCM patients (4.37 ± 0.16 and 3.19 ± 0.14 mmol/L, respectively) compared to the control group (4.29 ± 0.18 and 3.06 ± 0.19 mmol/L, respectively), while as there was significantly lower serum mean (± SEM) HDL-cholesterol levels in patients with DCM than in controls (p < 0.001). Exon 1 region of NKX 2.5 gene was screened for variations at 73C→T keeping in view both parameters (age and sex) among healthy controls and DCM patients. The results indicate that the homozygous mutant (TT) and heterozygous mutant (CT) nucleotides were significantly higher in DCM patients than in controls. Further analysis of GATA4 gene revealed that five DCM patients had 1232C/T variant, whereas, it was absent in the control group.Conclusion: GATA4 1232C/T and NKX 2.5 73C→T polymorphisms and high levels of serum triglycerides (TG) may be associated with the pathogenesis of DCM in the studied populationKeywords: Dilated cardiomyopathy, Congestive heart failure, Polymerase chain reaction, Restrictionfragment length polymorphism, Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatograph
On the Momentum Dependence of the Flavor Structure of the Nucleon Sea
Difference between the and sea quark distributions in the
proton was first observed in the violation of the Gottfried sum rule in
deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) experiments. The parton momentum fraction
dependence of this difference has been measured over the region from Drell-Yan and semi-inclusive DIS experiments. The Drell-Yan data
suggested a possible sign-change for near ,
which has not yet been explained by existing theoretical models. We present an
independent evidence for the sign-change at
from an analysis of the DIS data. We further discuss the -dependence of
in the context of meson cloud model and the lattice QCD
formulation.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, final versio
Circular Ribbon Flares and Homologous Jets
Solar flare emissions in the chromosphere often appear as elongated ribbons
on both sides of the magnetic polarity inversion line (PIL), which has been
regarded as evidence of a typical configuration of magnetic reconnection.
However, flares having a circular ribbon have rarely been reported, although it
is expected in the fan--spine magnetic topology involving reconnection at a
three-dimensional (3D) coronal null point. We present five circular ribbon
flares with associated surges, using high-resolution and high-cadence halpha
blue wing observations obtained from the recently digitized films of Big Bear
Solar Observatory. In all the events, a central parasitic magnetic field is
encompassed by the opposite polarity, forming a circular PIL traced by filament
material. Consequently, a flare kernel at the center is surrounded by a
circular flare ribbon. The four homologous jet-related flares on 1991 March 17
and 18 are of particular interest, as (1) the circular ribbons brighten
sequentially, with co-spatial surges, rather than simultaneously, (2) the
central flare kernels show an intriguing "round-trip" motion and become
elongated, and (3) remote brightenings occur at a region with the same magnetic
polarity as the central parasitic field and are co-temporal with a separate
phase of flare emissions. In another flare on 1991 February 25, the circular
flare emission and surge activity occur successively, and the event could be
associated with magnetic flux cancellation across the circular PIL. We discuss
the implications of these observations combining circular flare ribbons,
homologous jets, and remote brightenings for understanding the dynamics of 3D
magnetic restructuring.Comment: Ap.J., accepte
Effective Dynamic Range in Measurements with Flash Analog-to-Digital Convertor
Flash Analog to Digital Convertor (FADC) is frequently used in nuclear and
particle physics experiments, often as the major component in big multi-channel
systems. The large data volume makes the optimization of operating parameters
necessary. This article reports a study of a method to extend the dynamic range
of an 8-bit FADC from the nominal value. By comparing the integrated
pulse area with that of a reference profile, good energy reconstruction and
event identification can be achieved on saturated events from CsI(Tl) crystal
scintillators. The effective dynamic range can be extended by at least 4 more
bits. The algorithm is generic and is expected to be applicable to other
detector systems with FADC readout.Comment: 19 pages, 1 table, 10 figure
2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl N-cyclohexyl-P-phenylphosphonamidate
The title compound, C22H36NO2P, features a P atom bonded to a phenyl ring, a cyclohexylamine unit and the O atom of a menthyl group. In the crystal structure, intermolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds connect molecules into a one-dimensional chain in the b direction
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