Three-Dimensional Modelling and Simulation of the Ice Accretion Process on Aircraft Wings

© 2018 Chang S, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.In this article, a new computational method for the three-dimensional (3D) ice accretion analysis on an aircraft wing is formulated and validated. The two-phase flow field is calculated based on Eulerian-Eulerian approach using standard dispersed turbulence model and second order upwind differencing with the aid of commercial software Fluent, and the corresponding local droplet collection efficiency, convective heat transfer coefficient, freezing fraction and surface temperature are obtained. The classical Messinger model is modified to be capable of describing 3D thermodynamic characteristics of ice accretion. Considering effects of runback water, which is along chordwise and spanwise direction, an extended Messinger method is employed for the prediction of the 3D ice accretion rates. Validation of the newly developed model is carried out through comparisons with available experimental ice shape and LEWICE codes over a GLC-305 wing under both rime and glaze icing conditions. Results show that good agreement is achieved between the current computational ice shapes and the compared results. Further calculations based on the proposed method over a M6 wing under different test conditions are numerically demonstrated.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

Assessment of Vessel Density on Non-Contrast Computed Tomography to Detect Basilar Artery Occlusion

Introduction: Basilar artery occlusion (BAO) may be clinically occult due to variable and non-specific symptomatology. We evaluated the qualitative and quantitative determination of a hyperdense basilar artery (HDBA) on non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) brain for the diagnosis of BAO.Methods: We conducted a case control study of patients with confirmed acute BAO vs a control group of suspected acute stroke patients without BAO. Two EM attending physicians, one third-year EM resident, and one medical student performed qualitative and quantitative assessments for the presence of a HDBA on axial NCCT images. Our primary outcome measures were sensitivity and specificity for BAO. Our secondary outcomes were inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of the qualitative and quantitative assessments.Results: We included 60 BAO and 65 control patients in our analysis. Qualitative assessment of the hyperdense basilar artery sign was poorly sensitive (54%–72%) and specific (55%–89%). Quantitative measurement improved the specificity of hyperdense basilar artery assessment for diagnosing BAO, with a threshold of 61.0–63.8 Hounsfield units demonstrating relatively high specificity of 85%–94%. There was moderate inter-rater agreement for the qualitative assessment of HDBA (Fleiss’ kappa statistic 0.508, 95% confidence interval: 0.435–0.581). Agreement improved for quantitative assessments, but still fell in the moderate range (Shrout-Fleiss intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.635). Intra-rater reliability for the quantitative assessments of the two attending physician reviewers demonstrated substantial consistency.Conclusion: Our results highlight the importance of carefully examining basilar artery density when interpreting the NCCT of patients with altered consciousness or other signs and symptoms concerning for an acute basilar artery occlusion. If the Hounsfield unit density of the basilar artery exceeds 61 Hounsfield units, BAO should be highly suspected

Visualization of defects in single-crystal and thin-film PdCoO2 using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy

Funding: This work was primarily supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, under Award No. DE-SC0002334.Single-crystal delafossite PdCoO2 is known to have an extremely low intrinsic impurity concentration of ~0.001%, demonstrating extraordinarily high conductivity with a mean free path of ~20 microns at low temperatures. However, when grown as thin films, the resistivity at room temperature increases by a factor of 3 to 80 times, depending on the film thickness. Using scanning transmission electron microscopy, we identify different classes of defects for the single crystal vs epitaxial thin film. The dominant defect for single-crystal PdCoO2 is found to be ribbon-like defects. For the thin films, we identify different types of defects arising in epitaxial thin films mainly due to substrate termination that disrupt the lateral connectivity of the conducting planes. Our results are consistent with the high conductivity of single crystals and increased electrical resistivity of the thin films compared to that of single crystals, suggesting that selecting a proper substrate, improving surface quality, and reducing the step density are the keys to enhance the film quality for utilizing PdCoO2 as a platform for future applications.PostprintPeer reviewe

A Titin mutation defines roles for circulation in endothelial morphogenesis

AbstractMorphogenesis of the developing vascular network requires coordinated regulation of an extensive array of endothelial cell behaviors. Precisely regulated signaling molecules such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) direct some of these endothelial behaviors. Newly forming blood vessels also become subjected to novel biomechanical forces upon initiation of cardiac contractions. We report here the identification of a recessive mouse mutation termed shrunken-head (shru) that disrupts function of the Titin gene. Titin was found to be required for the initiation of proper heart contractions as well as for maintaining the correct overall shape and orientation of individual cardiomyocytes. Cardiac dysfunction in shrunken-head mutant embryos provided an opportunity to study the effects of lack of blood circulation on the morphogenesis of endothelial cells. Without blood flow, differentiating endothelial cells display defects in their shapes and patterns of cell–cell contact. These endothelial cells, without exposure to blood circulation, have an abnormal distribution within vasculogenic vessels. Further effects of absent blood flow include abnormal spatial regulation of angiogenesis and elevated VEGF signaling. The shrunken-head mutation has provided an in vivo model to precisely define the roles of circulation on cellular and network aspects of vascular morphogenesis

Tenodesis Grasp Emulator: Kinematic Assessment of Wrist-Driven Orthotic Control

Wrist-driven orthotics have been designed to assist people with C6-7 spinal cord injury, however, the kinematic constraint imposed by such a control strategy can impede mobility and lead to abnormal body motion. This study characterizes body compensation using the novel Tenodesis Grasp Emulator, an adaptor orthotic that allows for the investigation of tenodesis grasping in subjects with unimpaired hand function. Subjects perform a series of grasp-and-release tasks in order to compare normal (test control) and constrained wrist-driven modes, showing significant compensation as a result of the constraint. A motor-augmented mode is also compared against traditional wrist-driven operation, to explore the potential role of hybrid human-robot control. We find that both the passive wrist-driven and motor-augmented modes fulfill different roles throughout various tasks tested. Thus, we conclude that a flexible control scheme that can alter intervention based on the task at hand holds the potential to reduce compensation in future work.Comment: 7 pages, 11 figures, submitted to International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) 2022. Video Supplement: https://youtu.be/NIgKg5R3Ro

Difficulty and reasons for sustainable roadway design – the case from Taiwan

To accomplish sustainable design, it is essential to understand its barriers or limitations. This study investigated difficulties and their reasons for sustainable design using roadways as an example. A checklist of 60 sustainability items for roadway design was used to interview roadway designers to identify levels of difficulty, reasons for difficulty and proportions of difficulty reasons when designing these sustainability items. The results were analyzed and compared among sustainable items and design work. The difficulties of incorporating sustainability into designs are classified into three levels as compared with conventional design: equal, medium and high. The average difficulty for sustainable roadway design is between low and medium level; 28 of the 60 items were found to be at the same level of difficulty as conventional design. The technical items are regarded more difficult to adopt than material items. Nine reasons were identified for sustainable roadway design difficulty in which four are in the pre-design stage and five are in the design stage. The proportions of difficulty reasons in the pre-design and design stages are 63% and 37%, respectively. This implies that more difficulties will be encountered in the pre-design stage, and the designers can try to overcome or reduce difficulty in design stage. The top three reasons are natural preconditions; criteria and specifications; and owner, policy and law, which cause 33%, 20% and 14% of the difficulty, respectively. This study pointed out the difficulties and reasons for sustainable roadway design. Having a comprehensive understanding of the difficulties allows a designer to more accurately determine potential limitation, and to make better choices as to which sustainable items a particular construction project should pursue