Towards a greater dialogue on disability between Muslims and Christians

Attitudes to disability and disabled people by Muslims – focusing on attitudes in the Middle East and North Africa - and Christians – focusing on the West (here taken to mean Europe, North America and Australasia) - were examined through a grounded theory literature search, with the study being divided into three phases of reading and analysis. The aims of study were to develop a dialogue on disability between the two cultures, to inform an understanding of the attitudes to disability in the two cultures, and to inform cultural practice in promoting support and equality in both cultures. The study finds that Islam and Christianity have much in common and are a force for good in promoting and developing disability equality in both Muslim and Christian cultures

Twenty-five Years Of Research In Structural And Mutation Testing

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Research in software testing has been carried out for approximately forty years, but its importance has escalated very quickly in the last ten or fifteen years. In particular, structural and mutation testing are techniques which havereceived a large amount of investment in both academia and software development industry. In this paper, we draw a historical perspective on how they appeared and how they evolved. In particular, the main contributions on structural and mutation testing from two Brazilian researching groups - ICMC-USP and FEEC-UNICAMP - are described. We highlight the workproduced and published in these twenty-five years in the Brazilian Symposium on Software Engineering and elsewhere, as well its impact in the community of software testing. © 2011 IEEE.4049FAPESP,CNPq,Google,Mack Pesquisa,CAPES,PRCEU-USPFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Harrold, M.J., Testing: A roadmap (2000) ICSE - Future of SE Track, pp. 61-72Beizer, B., (1984) Software System Testing and Quality Assurance, , NewYork: Van Nostrand Reinhold CompanyPezz, M., Young, M., (2007) Software Testing and Analysis: Process, Principles and Techniques, , John Wiley and SonsSpillner, A., Linz, T., Schaefer, H., (2007) Software Testing Foundation, , RockynookMaldonado, J.C., Chaim, M.L., Jino, M., Seleo de casos de testes baseada na anlise de fluxo de dados atravs dos critrios potenciais usos II SBES - Simpsio Brasileiro de Engenharia de Software (SBES 88), Canela, RS, Oct. 1988, pp. 24-35Martins, E., Integrando injecao de falhas e testes formais na validacao da tolerancia a falhas IX Simposio Brasileiro de Engenharia de Software (SBES 95), Recife, PE, 1995, pp. 223-239Rombaldi, A.M.A.P.J.B.S., Proteste: Um ambiente de apoio ao teste de programas VI Simpsio Brasileiro de Engenharia de Software (SBES 92), Canela, RS, Oct. 1992McCabe, T.J., A software complexity measure (1976) IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 2 (6), pp. 308-320. , DecMyers, G.J., (1979) The Art of Software Testing, , Wiley, New YorkBeizer, B., (1990) Software Testing Techniques, , 2nd ed. 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Anti‐dopamine D2 receptor antibodies in chronic tic disorders

Aim: To investigate the association between circulating anti-dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) autoantibodies and the exacerbation of tics in children with chronic tic disorders (CTDs). Method: One hundred and thirty-seven children with CTDs (108 males, 29 females; mean age [SD] 10y 0mo [2y 7mo], range 4-16y) were recruited over 18 months. Patients were assessed at baseline, at tic exacerbation, and at 2 months after exacerbation. Serum anti-D2R antibodies were evaluated using a cell-based assay and blinded immunofluorescence microscopy scoring was performed by two raters. The association between visit type and presence of anti-D2R antibodies was measured with McNemar's test and repeated-measure logistic regression models, adjusting for potential demographic and clinical confounders. Results: At exacerbation, 11 (8%) participants became anti-D2R-positive ('early peri-exacerbation seroconverters'), and nine (6.6%) became anti-D2R-positive at post-exacerbation ('late peri-exacerbation seroconverters'). The anti-D2R antibodies were significantly associated with exacerbations when compared to baseline (McNemar's odds ratio=11, p=0.003) and conditional logistic regression confirmed this association (Z=3.49, p<0.001) after adjustment for demographic and clinical data and use of psychotropic drugs. Interpretation: There is a potential association between immune mechanisms and the severity course of tics in adolescents with CTDs

Antibodies to neuronal surface proteins in Tourette Syndrome: Lack of evidence in a European paediatric cohort

In Tourette Syndrome (TS) a role for autoantibodies directed against neuronal proteins has long been suspected, but so far results are still inconsistent. The aim of this study was to look for antibodies to specific or undefined neuronal proteins that could be involved in the aetiology of the disease. Sera from children with Tourette Syndrome or another chronic tic disorder (TS/TD), collected as part of the longitudinal European Multicenter Tics in Children Study, were investigated. Participants included 30 siblings of patients with TS/TD prior to developing tics (preclinical stage) and the same children after the first tic onset (onset), and 158 patients in the chronic phase undergoing an acute relapse (exacerbation). Presence of antibodies binding to rodent brain tissue was assessed by immunohistology on rat brain sections and by immunofluorescent staining of live hippocampal neurons. Live cell-based assays were used to screen for antibodies to NMDAR, CASPR2, LGI1, AMPAR and GABA(A)R. Immunohistology indicated evidence of antibodies reactive with brain tissue, binding mainly to the hippocampus, the basal ganglia or the cerebellum in 26/218 (12%), with 8% of the preclinical or onset sera binding to the dentate gyrus/CA3 region or cerebellum. Only two individuals (one pre-clinical, one chronic) had antibodies binding the NMDAR and the binding was only weakly positive. No other specific antibodies were detected. Despite some immunoreactivity towards neuronal antigens on brain tissue, this was not mirrored by antibodies binding to live neurons, suggesting the presence of non-specific antibodies or those that bind non-pathogenic intracellular epitopes. NMDAR or the other neuronal surface antibodies tested were very infrequent in these patients. The evidence for pathogenic antibodies that could be causative of TS is weak