8 research outputs found
Disaster management in a low-resource setting: the role of anaesthetists in international emergency medical teams
Consensus statements regarding the multidisciplinary care of limb amputation patients in disasters or humanitarian emergencies: Report of the 2011 humanitarian action summit surgical working group on amputations following disasters or conflict
Limb amputations are frequently performed as a result of trauma inflicted during conflict or disasters. As demonstrated during the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, coordinating care of these patients in austere settings is complex. During the 2011 Humanitarian Action Summit, consensus statements were developed for international organizations providing care to limb amputation patients during disasters or humanitarian emergencies. Expanded planning is needed for a multidisciplinary surgical care team, inclusive of surgeons, anesthesiologists, rehabilitation specialists and mental health professionals. Surgical providers should approach amputation using an operative technique that optimizes limb length and prosthetic fitting. Appropriate anesthesia care involves both peri-operative and long-term pain control. Rehabilitation specialists must be involved early in treatment, ideally before amputation, and should educate the surgical team in prosthetic considerations. Mental health specialists must be included to help the patient with community reintegration. A key step in developing local health systemsis the establishment of surgical outcomes monitoring. Such monitoring can optimizepatient follow-up and foster professional accountability for the treatment of amputation patients in disaster settings and humanitarian emergencies. © Copyright Knowlton © World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine 2012
Best practice guidelines on surgical response in disasters and humanitarian emergencies: Report of the 2011 humanitarian action summit working group on surgical issues within the humanitarian space
The provision of surgery within humanitarian crises is complex, requiring coordination and cooperation among all stakeholders. During the 2011 Humanitarian Action Summit best practice guidelines were proposed to provide greater accountability and standardization in surgical humanitarian relief efforts. Surgical humanitarian relief planning should occur early and include team selection and preparation, appropriate disaster-specific anticipatory planning, needs assessment, and an awareness of local resources and limitations of cross-cultural project management. Accurate medical record keeping and timely follow-up is important for a transient surgical population. Integration with local health systems is essential and will help facilitate longer term surgical health system strengthening. © Copyright Chackungal © World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine 2012
Consensus statements regarding the multidisciplinary care of limb amputation patients in disasters or humanitarian emergencies::Report of the 2011 humanitarian action summit surgical working group on amputations following disasters or conflict.
AbstractLimb amputations are frequently performed as a result of trauma inflicted during conflict or disasters. As demonstrated during the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, coordinating care of these patients in austere settings is complex. During the 2011 Humanitarian Action Summit, consensus statements were developed for international organizations providing care to limb amputation patients during disasters or humanitarian emergencies. Expanded planning is needed for a multidisciplinary surgical care team, inclusive of surgeons, anesthesiologists, rehabilitation specialists and mental health professionals. Surgical providers should approach amputation using an operative technique that optimizes limb length and prosthetic fitting. Appropriate anesthesia care involves both peri-operative and long-term pain control. Rehabilitation specialists must be involved early in treatment, ideally before amputation, and should educate the surgical team in prosthetic considerations. Mental health specialists must be included to help the patient with community reintegration. A key step in developing local health systemsis the establishment of surgical outcomes monitoring. Such monitoring can optimizepatient follow-up and foster professional accountability for the treatment of amputation patients in disaster settings and humanitarian emergencies.</jats:p
Bedeutung und Anwendung
Title Page, Table of Contents, Motivation
iv
Concepts
v
Introduction
vii
1 Fundamentals
1
1.1 Meaning of isostasy and rigidity
1
1.1.1 Isostasy according to Pratt
1
1.1.2 Isostasy according to Airy
2
1.1.3 Isostasy according to Vening-Meinesz
2
1.1.4 Elastic thickness and flexural rigidity
4
1.2 Methods for estimation of flexural parameters
5
1.2.1 Spectral methods
5
1.2.2 Advantage and disadvantage of spectral methods
10
1.2.3 Convolution method
11
1.2.4 Advantage and disadvantage of the convolution method
12
1.2.5 Conclusion
12
1.3 Gravity inversion according to Parker algorithm
13
1.3.1 Introduction
13
1.3.2 Method
13
1.3.3 Synthetic example
14
1.4 Internal loads
16
1.4.1 Calculation of gravity effect of sediments with slice program
16
1.4.2 Pseudo topography
17
2 Theoretical basics and development of the analytical solution
19
2.1 Differential equation
19
2.1.1 Plate theory according to Kirchhoff
19
2.1.2 Beam on elastic foundation
20
2.1.3 Application in geological sciences
23
2.2 Formula according to Hertz
25
2.2.1 Investigation of the Logarithm function
27
2.2.2 Investigation of the Sine function
29
2.2.3 Summary of the behavior of the functions
30
2.3 New analytical solution
31
2.3.1 Introduction
31
2.3.2 Modification and substitution
31
2.3.3 Investigation of the graph
33
2.3.4 Unification of the analytical solution
35
2.4 Transfer function
38
2.4.1 Introduction
38
2.4.2 Transfer function
39
2.4.3 Verification of the analytical solution
41
2.4.4 Conclusion.
42
2.5 Comparison with FFT solution
43
2.5.1 Comparison with flexure curves
43
2.5.2 Investigation of dependence from grid parameters
44
2.5.3 Boundary cases for elastic thickness
47
2.5.4 Comparison with Vening-Meinesz solution
49
2.5.5 Conclusion
50
2.6 Software concept
51
2.6.1 Introduction
51
2.6.2 Flexure curves and CMI
52
2.6.3 Radius of convolution
52
2.6.4 Iterative estimation of elastic thickness
54
2.6.5 Elastic thickness distribution
56
2.6.6 Reference depth
57
2.7 Comparison with Finite Element modeling
59
2.7.1 Influence of input parameters
61
2.7.2 Conclusion
69
3\. Application of the analytical solution
70
3.1 Pacific Ocean
71
3.1.1 Input data
71
3.1.2 Preliminary investigations
72
3.1.3 Estimation of gravity CMI
73
3.1.4 Estimation of rigidity And elastic thickness
76
3.1.5 Discussion and conclusion.
77
3.2 Central Andes
80
3.2.1 Input data
80
3.2.2 Preliminary investigation
82
3.2.3 Estimation of rigidity and elastic thickness
83
3.2.4 Discussion and conclusion.
86
3.3 Southern Andes
91
3.3.1 Input data
91
3.3.2 Estimation of rigidity and elastic thickness
92
3.3.3 Discussion and conclusion.
93
4 Discussion of results
98
4.1 Thick plate theory
98
4.2 Influence of temperature
99
4.2.1 Introduction
99
4.2.2 Synthetic example
99
4.2.3 Application in geological sciences
101
4.3 Significance of input parameters
105
4.3.1 Deviation of height
106
4.3.2 Deviation of gravity
107
4.3.3 Deviation of Young's modulus
107
4.3.4 Deviation of Poisson ratio
108
4.3.5 Deviation of density of crust
109
4.3.6 Deviation of density of mantle
109
4.3.7 Deviation of elastic thickness
110
4.3.8 Conclusion
111
4.4 Variation of Young's modulus
112
4.5 Visco-elastic behavior
116
4.6 Final comments and future directions
122
5 Appendix
I
5.1 Density-porosity formula
I
5.2 Comparison of flexure curves
III
5.2.1. FFT solution compared with Logarithm and Sine function
III
5.2.2. Comparison of output from computer program with FFT
IV
5.3 FE models
V
5.3.1. Calculation input parameters and results
VI
5.3.2. Settings of the FE models
IX
Acknowledgement, References
X
Notation
XI
Abbreviations
XIV
Index of Tables
XV
Index of Figures
XVI
ReferencesIn 1939 a new concept was introduced by Vening-Meinesz proposing that the
flexural strength of the lithosphere must be considered for isostatic models.
A 4th order differential equation describing the flexure of a thin plate was
developed. In the past the equation has been solved in frequency space using
spectral methods (coherence and admittance). However, the admittance and
coherence techniques have been questioned when applied to continental
lithosphere. Both methods require an averaging process; therefore the
variation in rigidity may be retrieved only to a limited extent. A large
spatial window with a side length of at least 375 km is required over the
study area. And, in where the input topography is characterized by low
topographic variation, the method becomes unstable. These problems can be
overcome by calculating the flexural rigidity with the convolution approach
and furthermore with the use of a newly derived analytical solution of the
differential equation mentioned above. This solution was developed out of
three solutions from Hertz and has been made applicable to geological science.
The analytical solution has been applied to both oceanic lithosphere (Nazca
plate) and continental lithosphere (Central and Patagonian Andes). The
resulting flexural rigidity values and their variations have been compared
with the ideas and concepts developed by the members of the SFB267 community,
and correlate well with tectonic units and fault systems. In the past the
elastic thickness has been used synonymously for the flexural rigidity.
However, the analytical solution leads to a new interpretation and meaning of
the elastic thickness. It is shown that it is sufficient to operate with a
constant value for both gravity and Poisson's ratio, as the variation of
either parameter does not lead to a significant change in the distribution of
flexural rigidity. Young's modulus is shown to be the driving factor for the
flexural deformation. A temperature moment must also be taken into account in
flexural investigations. Thus, the variation of the elastic thickness can be
explained by temperature distribution and a change of the Young's modulus. A
new definition of elastic thickness can be obtained: the value of the
calculated elastic thickness is equivalent to the value of thickness of a
corresponding plate described by a constant Young's modulus. Computations
using the differential equation are valid for the crust/mantle interface
(Moho) as well as the lithosphere/ asthenosphere boundary. The calculated
boundary surface can be shifted at the position of the boundary at which a
significant change of Young's modulus takes place.Im Jahre 1939 wurde von Vening-Meinesz eine Theorie entwickelt, welche die
Rigidität der Lithosphärenplatte innerhalb isostatischer Betrachtungen
berücksichtigte. Dazu wurde eine Differentialgleichung 4. Ordnung verwendet,
welche die Deformation einer dünnen Platte beschreibt. In der Vergangenheit
wurde die Gleichung mittels der Spektralmethoden im Frequenz-Bereich gelöst.
Aber bezüglich der Anwendung der Kohärenz- und Admittanzmethode auf die
Kontinente wurde ihre Nützlichkeit aufgrund der Nachteile, welche durch den
Spektralansatz entstehen, in Frage gestellt. Dieser Ansatz bedingt eine
Durchschnittsbildung, welche im Falle einer sich räumlich stark variierenden
Rigidität dazu führen kann, dass jene Variation nur bis zu einem begrenzten
Mabe aufgelöst wird. Für das Untersuchungsgebiet ist eine Seitenlänge von
mindestens erforderlich. Ein weiteres Problem tritt im Falle niedriger
Topographie auf, da kleinere Spektralwerte zu Instabilitaeten innerhalb der
Anwendung führen können. Durch die Verwendung der Konvolutionsmethode und der
neu entwickelten analytischen Lösung der obig eingeführten
Differentialgleichung werden diese Nachteile überwunden. Diese analytische
Lösung wurde aus drei verschiedenen Lösungen nach Hertz entwickelt und für die
geologischen Wissenschaften anwendbar gemacht. Die analytische Lösung wurde
auf die ozeanische Lithosphäre im Bereich des Pazifik (Nazca-Platte) und auf
die kontinentale Lithosphäre im Bereich der Zentral - und der Patagonischen
Anden angewendet. Die resultierende Rigiditätsverteilung wird mit den von den
Mitgliedern der SFB267 Gemeinschaft entwickelten Ideen und Konzepten
verglichen, und ist durch eine gute Korrelation mit den tektonischen Einheiten
und Störungssystemen charakterisiert. Bisher wurde die elastische Dicke und
die flexurelle Rigidität synonym verwendet. Aber die analytische Lösung führte
zu einem neuen Verständnis und Interpretation der elastischen Dicke. In
Anbetracht der Untersuchungen zur Signifikanz der Inputparameter ist es
zulässig mit einem konstanten Wert für die Schwere und dem Poisson-Verhältnis
zu arbeiten, denn dies wird nicht zu signifikanten Unterschieden im Ergebnis
führen. Dies gilt nicht für das Elastizitätsmodul, denn dieser Parameter ist
ein entscheidender Faktor für das Deformationsverhalten. Daher kann die
elastische Dicke auch als äquivalente Plattendicke für eine Platte konstanten
Elastizitätsmoduls definiert werden. Zudem wurde herausgefunden, daß das
Temperaturmoment in den weiteren Untersuchungen mit berücksichtigt werden
muss. Damit kann die beobachtete Variation der elastischen Dicke durch die
Temperaturverteilung und die Veränderung des Elastizitätsmoduls erklärt
werden. Zusätzlich wurde gezeigt, daß die Berechnungen mittels der
Differentialgleichung und der analytischen Lösung sowohl für die
Krusten/Mantel Grenze als auch die Lithosphären/Asthenosphären Grenze gültig
sind. Dabei ist entscheidend, an welcher Grenzfläche sich das
Elastizitätsmodul ändert