TINDAK PIDANA PORNOGRAFI MENURUT KUHP DAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 44 TAHUN 2008 TENTANG PORNOGRAFI

Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian yaitu untuk mengetahui bagaimana keberadaan Undang-Undang Nomor 44 Tahun 2008 sebagai delik khusus tersebar di luar KUHP dan bagaimana Tindak Pidana Pornografi menurut KUHP di mana dengan metode penelitian hukum normatif disimpulkan: 1. Objek pornografi menurut Undang-Undang Pornografi lebih luas dari pada objek menurut KUHP, karena termasuk gambar, sketsa, ilustrasi, foto,tulisan, suara, bunyi, gambar bergerak, animasi, kartun, percakapan, gerak tubuh, atau bentuk pesan lainnya melalui berbagai bentuk media komunikasi. Dalam objek pornografi mengandung dua sifat, yaitu pertama, isinya mengandung kecabulan dan eksploitasi seksual dan kedua melanggar norma kesusilaan, sementara KUHP hanya menyebut dengan melanggar kesusilaan. Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Pornografi, pornografi harus mengandung isi kecabulan yang berbentuk suatu wujud, yaitu gambar, sketsa, ilustrasi, foto, tulisan, suara, bunyi, gambar bergerak, animasi, kartun, syair, percakapan. Tindak pidana pornografi dimuat dalam Pasal 29 sampai dengan Pasal 38 Undang-Undang Nomor 44 Tahun 2008,terdapat 33 tindak pidana pornografi yang dimuat dalam 10 pasal. 2. Objek pornografi menurut KUHP adalah tulisan, gambar dan termasuk benda sebagai alat untuk mencegah dan menggugurkan kehamilan, sebagaimana dicantumkan dalam jenis-jenis tindak pidana pornografi yaitu Pasal 282 sampai dengan Pasal 535 KUHP.Kata kunci: pornografi; kuhp

The hierarchy of Chinese grammar: A cross-sectional study of L2 Chinese within Processability Theory

Processability Theory (PT) is a well-established theoretical framework within the field of Second Language Acquisition, which describes the development of acquiring language as a process of acquiring procedural skills. The procedural skills are necessary for the learner being able to process different grammatical structures of the target language, and these are obtained by the learner through available input and the given learning device. The acquirement of procedural skills follows a hierarchy of grammatical processing procedures, an implicational pattern where each procedure is a prerequisite to the next. PT has been applied to many different languages, there among Chinese. Previous PT-studies concerning second language acquisition of Chinese have explored the developmental processes of English L1 speakers, but so far, no studies regarding the developmental processes of Swedish L1 speakers have been done within the framework of PT. Hence, the aim of the present work is to evaluate whether Swedish L1 speakers´ developmental process of acquiring certain Chinese grammatical morphemes and structures correspond to the developmental stages found in earlier studies regarding English-speaking learners. A cross-sectional research design consisting of two elicitation tasks was utilized. A total of 15 Swedish learners of Chinese with different language proficiency in the target language participated in the study. The collected data, consisting of the participants´ spontaneous speech production of the target language, was analyzed in the search for the emergence and the accuracy of using specific Chinese grammatical morphemes and structures. Results indicate that Swedish L1 learners follow the same developmental processes of learning certain Chinese grammar as found in previous studies regarding English L1 learners. However, suggestions of altering the locations of certain grammatical structures in the PT-hierarchies established by previous research are discussed

The Bias of the World : Theories of Unequal Exchange in History

This is a history of theories and theorists of unequal exchange. Starting with mercantilists and Richard Cantillon's theory based on land values, it briefly covers the early Classical economists and Gerald Fitzhugh. Among early 20th century Marxist economists, unequal exchange appeared in Otto Bauer's explanation of nationalist antagonism, and in Henryk Grossmann as countering the breakdown of capitalism. It is argued that the addition to Marxist economic theory of international capital mobility and transfers of value was prompted in part by the confusion regarding national boundaries in the Habsburg Empire. As to Harold A. Innis, it is argued that theories of unequal exchange could make more use of him as the historian of the bias of communication than as the originator of the ?staple thesis?. The role of Raúl Prebisch as the originator of the debate on unequal exchange is questioned and his many similarities with mercantilist theorists underlined. It is shown how the debate on the Prebisch-Singer theorem on the terms of trade soon demonstrated that it was not so much specialisation on raw materials or manufactures that determined the terms of trade as underdevelopment or development per se. Building on the Classical economic paradigm and trying in the cold-war context to understand the British industrial revolution, W. Arthur Lewis's model focused on unequal wage-levels due to productivity differences and their non-equalisation due to political restrictions on migration, thereby making the ?commodity? terms of trade determined by the ?factoral? terms. Arghiri Emmanuel became the historical catalyst for the idea of unequal exchange, integrating mercantilist, Classical, and Marxist perspectives. Distinct from the ?monopoly? interpretation, his theory is presented in its Marxist, Sraffian and ecological versions. The specific historical function of unequal exchange in his perspective is linked to the no less original argument on the disequilibrium between the value of output and the purchasing power of income. Ecological theories of unequal exchange are also examined: Howard T. Odum's ?emergy? theory, Georg Borgström's ghost acreages, Hartvig Sætra's three-tense imperialism, ecological footprints as adopted by Jan Otto Andersson, and ecological dependency in Stephen Bunker and Joan Martinez-Alier. Instead of the transfer of ?labour? or ?ecological values? dominating much Marxist and ecological writings, a conception of unequal exchange is advocated focusing on ?horizontally? antagonistic social relations ? retaining a difference in levels of consumption, or appropriation of total societal/ecological output of goods and services, between large masses of populations ? and their reverberation on relative prices, or the terms of trade. More strict than common usage would allow, this delimitation retains what is most useful and original in the concept's history as makes it distinct from other traditions

Conceptualizations of "results" in Swedish policy for development cooperation from the 1960s to the 2000s

Over the last few decades there has been an increased focus on results within development cooperation, and there has been an intense debate regarding the possible success or failures of development efforts. However, there is no general agreement on what a development result is, or why and whose development results should be reported. The understanding of what a development result entails has also shifted over time. This article aims to contribute to the current debate on development results by exploring how one donor, Sweden, historically has conceptualized development results in its policies and strategies on development cooperation. A review of all policies and general strategies on Swedish development cooperation published between 1962 and 2013, reveals that there has been a shift in how results are conceptualized: from being a mere instrument for supporting partner countries in pursuing more effective development policies and interventions, reporting of development results has become one of the main strategic tools for pursuing a Swedish development cooperation.

Balancing the Costs for Finished Goods Inventory and Production Capacity in a Make-to-Order Company

In most manufacturing companies, it is necessary to carry inventory to a greater or lesser extent in order to disconnect the activities in the supply chain that are not conducted at the same pace. This way, a smoother flow through the chain, from raw material extraction to arrival at the final customer of a finished product, is facilitated. However, different parts of a company often have conflicting goals when it comes to inventory decisions. From a financial point of view, for example, it is beneficial to have as little capital as possible tied up in inventory, while high stock levels can enable an even level of production and better customer service. However these different goals are prioritized, the benefits in one department will incur costs in another one. The purpose of this project is to investigate how these costs are connected to each other, and increase the understanding of how they affect the total cost of ownership in a make-to-order company. Moreover, a model that describes the relationship between the different costs and that calculates a near cost optimal production plan over a given planning horizon will be developed. An interview based, deductive case study with focus on finished goods inventory at Tetra Pak in Lund has been conducted to state an example of a typical make-to-order firm. Company specific cost factors have been identified and used for setting up an aggregate planning model and making calculations for a cost optimal production plan in an example case. Furthermore, the cost factors have been compared individually in order to establish an understanding of how they are interrelated in isolated decision situations. It can be concluded that while the costs for inventory and production are relatively easy to determine, due to their concrete nature, other costs related to inventory and production management are more difficult to estimate. One such cost is the one of insufficient customer service, as this parameter cannot be measured only in financial terms, but also have soft aspects that have to be taken into consideration. It is therefore recommended that companies that wish to use methods similar to the one exemplified in this study, bear in mind that their strategic priorities have to be taken into account when making decisions based on the suggested cost optimal production plan

An investigation of cognitive aspects affecting human performance in manual assembly

Modern manufacturing systems seem to be shifting from mass production to mass customisation, which means that systems must be able to manage changes in customer demands and requirements, new technology as well as environmental demands. This in turn leads to an increase in product variants that need to be assembled. To handle this issue, well designed and presented information is vital for assembly workers to perform effective and accurate assembly tasks. In this thesis the main focus has been to find factors that affect human performance in manual assembly. A literature review was made on the subject of manufacturing and usability as well as basic cognitive abilities used to utilise information, such as memory. This investigation identified applicable factors for assessing human cognitive performance within the research field of manufacturing. The thesis further investigates how some of these factors are handled in manual assembly, using case studies as well as observational studies. The results show that how material and information are presented to the assembler needs to be considered in order to have a positive effect on the assembly operation. In addition, a full factorial experimental study was conducted to investigate different ways of presenting material and information at the workstation while using mixed assembly mode with product variants. The material presentation factor involved the use of a material rack compared to using an unstructured kit as well as a structured kit and the information presentation factor involved using a text and number instruction compared to a photograph instruction. The results showed that using a kit is favourable compared to the traditional material rack, especially when using a structured kit combined with photographic instruction. Furthermore, the use of unstructured kits can lead to better productivity and reduced perceived workload, compared to a material rack. Although they are perhaps not as good as using a structured kit, they most likely bring a lower cost, such as man-hour consumption and space requirements. However, the number of components in an unstructured kit needs to be considered in order to keep it on a manageable level. As a conclusion, several scenarios were developed in order to understand how different assembly settings can be used in order to improve human performance at the assembly workstation

”Everyone” is welcome here : excluding design at the station squares in Hyllie and Rosengård

Tiggeriförbud och visitationszoner är frågor som allt oftare debatteras i dagens samhälle. Samtidigt som kontrollen över våra offentliga rum blir allt strängare betonas vikten av en levande stadsmiljö. Vi har i denna uppsats undersökt hur två stationstorg i Malmö hanterar dessa motstridande tendenser, och kommit fram till att det resulterar i en design som är exkluderande för vissa grupper. Det är Malmö stad som, med hänsyn till både politiska ambitioner och ekonomiska intressen, fattar beslut kring hur vi ska utforma offentliga platser. För att förstå vad det är som övergripande styr gestaltningen av de offentliga utrymmena tar vi ett steg tillbaka och tittar på nyliberalismens framväxt i västvärlden i stort, samt hur den föranlett en maktförskjutning i styrningen av Sveriges städer. Idag är städernas vinst det huvudsakliga fokuset; därmed är huvudsyftet med dagens nyetablerade områden och förnyelseprojekt att locka till sig välbärgade invånare och nya investeringar. Maktförskjutningen som skett redogör vi för via Mouffes (2019) samt Tesfahuneys och Dahlstedts (2008) teori om postpolitik, som beskriver hur Malmö stad utvecklats sedan millennieskiftet - från att ha haft tydliga politiska mål gällande vem staden formades utefter, till att nu låta stadsplaneringen styras av breda och långsiktiga visioner som kräver tolkning av tjänstemän såsom landskapsarkitekter. Makten förskjuts därmed från politikerna; det är inte längre de som, i egenskap av representanter för medborgarna, bestämmer hur våra offentliga rum ska se ut. Eftersom det är allas demokratiska rätt att bruka de offentliga rummen är det folket som bör bestämma över deras utformning. Då sociala ojämlikheter alltjämt kommer existera i någon mån bör de offentliga utrymmena vara till största möjliga nytta för de som har det sämst ställt, dvs. de utan hem. Vår slutsats är tvärtemot att hemlösa idag exkluderas bort från Stadens offentliga rum, via fysiska element såsom bänkar man ej kan sova på. Ytterligare en slutsats vi kommer fram till är att våra offentliga utrymmen, de enda platserna som i regel inte ställer krav på medborgarnas konsumtion, allt oftare förvandlas till passager som leder besökaren till betalningsbelagda eller privatägda ytor. Torgens funktion förändras då från att inneha aktivitet till att leda bort den. Därmed påverkas inte bara hemlösa och fattiga, utan även medborgarna med bättre resurser - för levande stadsrum är något alla gynnas av.Begging bans and search zones are becoming increasingly active issues in the public debate. At the same time as the control of our public spaces becomes stricter, great emphasis is being placed on the living urban environment. We have in this essay examined how two station squares in Malmö are dealing with these conflicting trends in society, and have found that a consequence is the creation of a design that excludes certain groups. Both Malmö City's political ambitions and economic interests shape the public spaces of the city. To understand what greatly influences the design of public areas, we look back at the rise of neoliberalism in the Western world and how it has created a power shift in how Swedish cities are governed - now with a strong focus on profit. A focus that has made both the renewal of old areas and the development of new ones primarily aimed at attracting new investments and affluent people. The shifting power dynamics in urban planning is seen through the lens of post-politics, which describes how Malmö City has changed since the turn of the millennium - from having clear political goals regarding whom the city should be for, to being guided by broad long-term visions that officials, such as landscape architects, only can interpret freely. Power is thus shifted away from politicians; it is no longer them who, as representatives of the citizens, decide what our public spaces should look like. Since everyone has the democratic right to use public spaces, it is the people who should decide on their design. Considering how social inequality always will exist to some extent, the public space should be of the greatest possible benefit to the least well-off, i.e. those without a home. Our conclusion is, on the contrary, that the homeless today often are excluded from public places, e.g. via physical elements such as benches that cannot be slept on. Another reached conclusion is that our public spaces, the only places in the city that generally are free to reside in, increasingly often are turning into passages directing the citizen towards areas that make demands on consumption or are privately owned. The function of the city squares then changes; from holding activity to leading it away. Not only does this affect the homeless and poor, but also citizens with better resources - because living urban spaces are something everyone benefits from

Active Child Models for Traffic Safety Research, Interim Report 1, October 2012

The project Active Child Models for Traffic Safety Research is funded by Folksams Forskningsstiftelse. The overall aim is to increase the safety of child car occupants and thereby reduce the number of traffic induced injuries in 3 to 12 year-old children. This will be done by creating a computer model of a child that includes active musculature. The model will be used to reproduce emergency manoeuvres with biofidelic response at low acceleration levels. Literature on child safety has been reviewed with a main focus on child numerical models. Very few child models exist and for most of them, their response is validated against Anthropometric Test Devices (ATDs) certification corridors and not paediatric data. Models of children and child sized ATDs are either finite element or multi body models. Finite element models are more likely to predict injuries and contacts, whereas multi body models can preferably be used to reproduce kinematics in long duration events like emergency manoeuvres. Because of this, it has thus been decided to first work with child multi body models in the MADYMO code (TASS, Rijswijk, the Netherlands). The models that will be studied are the 6 and 10 year-old child facet models and the Q6 and Hybrid III 6 year-old ATDs available in MADYMO as well as the 6 year-old pedestrian model previously developed by Jikuang Yang at Chalmers University of Technology. Simulation activities have been planned and the models’ responses will be analysed and compared with kinematics data of child volunteers in emergency manoeuvres and sled tests. Then, based on their performance, one model will be chosen to implement active musculature. Extra experimental data for tuning and validation of the model may be required. As a consequence, new experiments on child volunteers are planned, including the acquisition of muscular activity. The model response will be compared to those results. Based on the active child multi body model capability to reproduce pre-crash events, it will be discussed and decided in January 2013 whether to continue with a multi body model or start the same process with a finite element model. In the long term, the active child model will be used to reproduce both pre-crash and in-crash events and help understanding the protective principles of forward facing children and how they interact with current and future vehicle safety systems and child restraints