Management Skills and Styles of School Principals during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The present study investigated a significant issue among a population with unique characteristics. This research and discussion centered on the challenges of running a school during the COVID-19 pandemic. The central question in this study was, how do school principals perceive their abilities and the skills required to run schools during the pandemic? In addition, this study aimed to assess the awareness of the teachers that were subordinate to these same school principals and the impact of their leadership style. The current study involved 151 teachers and 18 school principals from 18 governmental Bedouin schools in Israel. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data and measure the research variables. To analyze the data, indices and statistical tests were applied using SPSS software. The main research findings indicated that the teachers perceived the leadership styles of their school principals as a formative and rewarding part of their personality and not as an evasive style. The principals reported a high level of availability and accessibility and appropriate communication levels with all of the relevant parties. Moreover, the principals reported their level of decision-making ability as high, their judgment calls as sound, and their organizational planning skills and knowledge-development abilities as excellent. Additionally, cultivating the organizational structure was a priority for the principals; they believed that they could develop a comfortable and supportive organizational atmosphere and that this was the core of their work. The school principals perceived themselves as having the requisite skills, including a high level of ability and efficient team management. Self-confidence and a high level of competence helped the school principals cope with the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic and traverse them safely

ANÁLISIS DE LA MOTIVACIÓN, ESTRATEGIAS DE APRENDIZAJE, ESTRÉS ACADÉMICO Y NECESIDADES PSICOLÓGICAS BÁSICAS EN EL CONTEXTO UNIVERSITARIO SEGÚN FACTORES ACADÉMICOS

Se realiza un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, ex pos facto con una medición en una muestra representativa de estudiantes universitarios a nivel nacional (n=2736), que persigue como objetivo analizar la motivación, estrategias de aprendizaje, estrés académico y necesidades psicológicas básicas según factores académicos. Los resultados revelaron diferencias en estas variables según el sexo, área de conocimiento, modalidad de enseñanza, tipología del centro universitario, curso o nota media de expediente. Así mismo, se pudo observar una relación directa entre estrategias de aprendizaje, autoconcepto y estrés. Las necesidades psicológicas básicas se asociaron de forma negativa con el estrés y positivamente con el autoconcepto. Al considerar la regulación emocional, se pudo determinar señalar que la reevaluación cognitiva se asoció positivamente con las estrategias de aprendizaje y el autoconcepto, mientras que la supresión expresiva se relacionó inversamente con el autoconcepto y positivamente con las estrategias de aprendizaje.A descriptive, cross-sectional and ex post facto study is carried out with a single measurement in a representative sample of university students nationwide (n = 2736), which aims to analyse motivation, learning strategies, academic stress, and basic psychological needs according to academic factors. The results revealed differences in these variables according to sex, area of knowledge, type of teaching, typology of the university centre, course or average mark. Likewise, a direct relationship between learning strategies, self-concept and stress could be observed. Basic psychological needs were associated negatively with stress and positively with self-concept. When considering emotional regulation, it was possible to determine that cognitive reevaluation was positively associated with learning strategies and self-concept, while expressive suppression was inversely related to self-concept and positively related to learning strategies.Tesis Univ. Jaén. Departamento de DIDÁCTICA DE LA EXPRESIÓN MUSICAL, PLÁSTICA Y CORPORAL. Leída el 13 de mayo de 2020

Los “Exergames” como posibilidad emergente y alternativa, en el ámbito de la actividad física y la salud.

Introducción: El sedentarismo asociado a las nuevas tecnologías, es uno de los principales factores relacionados con la obesidad infantil actual. Este estudio propone utilizar estas tecnologías para realizar actividad física y combatir este problema; ya que cada vez más, existe un mayor número de videoconsolas en los hogares de los niños. Objetivo: Esta investigación evaluó la relación existente entre diversos hábitos sedentarios relacionados con las videoconsolas y el grado de sobrepeso que tiene un grupo de niños en edad escolar. Participantes: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 276 participantes, con una edad media de 10,75 años, pertenecientes a diversos colegios de la provincia de Granada; concretamente de segundo y tercer ciclo. Se utilizaron diversos instrumentos de medición (cuestionario de elaboración propia, cintra métrica y báscula) para recoger los datos de las variables estudiadas. Resultados: Los resultados indicaron que un 15,6% de la población estudiada tenía exceso de peso y que un 96,4%, tenía videoconsola. Igualmente, se demostró que 6 de cada 10 encuestados preferían los videojuegos con movimiento frente a los tradicionales. Además, aparecieron diferencias estadísticas en “Juegos más divertidos” y “Días que juega a la videoconsola”; observando que los que jugaban frecuentemente, preferían los “Exergames”. Asimismo, señalar que no se determinó asociación entre obesidad y videoconsola. Conclusiones: Existe un importante sector de niños en edad escolar con exceso de peso, en el que además, los videojuegos ocupan un papel importante en su vida. De esta forma, se demuestra la necesidad de utilizar los “Exergames” para realizar actividad física saludable, y combatir el sedentarismo y la obesidad en niñosUniversidad de Granada. Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación. Grado en Educación Primari

Sport profiles by gender and age in adults from Seville. A regression model

La Práctica de Actividad Física y Deporte (PAFYD) ha adquirido un papel protagonista en las últimas décadas en todos los sectores de la población, dados sus beneficios a nivel fisiológico, psíquico, social y competitivo, así como para la transmisión de la salud, la educación y la cultura. Este estudio de diseño descriptivo y corte transversal, realizado en una muestra de 1002 adultos de la provincia de Sevilla, tiene como objetivo definir los perfiles deportivos establecidos por el Proyecto COMPASS (2000), concretando su distribución según el sexo y la edad, así como elaborar un modelo de regresión que permita establecer el perfil que mejor se adhiere a la PAFYD. Como instrumento se utilizó el cuestionario C-PAFYD, elaborado por Arribas, Izaskun, Gil y González (2013). Los resultados revelaron que prácticamente la mitad de los participantes no realizaban ningún tipo de actividad físico-deportiva (Perfil 7), con mayores porcentualidades en mujeres. Por otro lado, la PAFYD intensiva y de tipo competitivo (Perfil 1) era más frecuente en hombres, con especial presencia en edades tempranas. Se obtuvo una mayor práctica recreacional en los varones (Perfil 4) y una disminución de los niveles generales de PAFYD en edades de mayor actividad laboral, aumentando sus valores en edades más avanzadas por motivos de salud y bienestar. Finalmente, el modelo de regresión fue válido, revelando que los participantes que mayor PAFYD realizaban eran los hombres de poca edad, con estudios superiores a los postobligatorios, que no vivían solos y con buen estado de saludPhysical activity and sport practice have taken a leading role in recent decades in all sectors of population, given its physiological, psychological, social and competitive benefits; as well as for the benefits to health, education and culture. This descriptive and cross-sectional study, which was conducted on a sample of 1002 adults from the province of Seville, aims to define the sport profiles set by the COMPASS Proyect (2000) on the sample, specifying its distribution by gender and age through the instrument C-PAFYD, which was developed by Arribas, Izaskun, Gil, & González (2013). The results showed that almost half of the participants did not engage in any physical sporting activity (Profile 7), with higher percentages in women not participating. On the other hand, men were related to intensive and competitive physical activity, especially in the earlier ages. Besides this, recreational sport practice was higher in men (Profile 4) and a decrease of general levels of physical sporting practice was observed in people who work, with increasing values in older aged people due to health and wellness. Finally, the regression model was valid, showing that participants who did more physical activity were young men with higher academic qualifications, not living alone and with good healt

Characterization of motivation and type of physical-sport practice in adults through COMPASS profiles

Physical Activity and Sport Practice (PASP) have grown in popularity in last years given its positive effects at physiological, social, cognitive and emotional level. Several researches have studied the main motivations involved in PASP using the Self-Determination Theory, highlighting the importance of intrinsic and extrinsic reasons. This descriptive and cross sectional study aims to establish the main motivations involved in physical activity and to identify its association with the sport profiles proposed by COMPASS project (2000). The research was conducted with a sample of 1002 adults (a 53% is female and a 47% is male) from Sevilla ( = 45.35 years old; SD = 17.96), using the C-PAFYD questionnaire with a reliability of α = .84. The results show that profile 1 (competitive and intensive) comprises intrinsic and extrinsic motivations such as hedonism, desire of competition and to achieve a sport career, while profile 2 is oriented towards least self-determined motivations as health improving. In addition, these participants do physical activity alone or with co-workers. The profiles 3 and 4 (regular and non-organized physical activity) are related to motivations of social and ludic type. In fact, this sport practice is mainly done with friends and peers in public places. Finally, profiles 5 and 6, which are associated with an irregular and occasional PASP, manifested extrinsic motivations such as disease preventio

Motivational Climate and Physical Activity: A Multigroup Analysis in Romanian and Spanish University Students

Background: Motivational climate in sport is a psychosocial construct which is related with several factors, such as healthy habits and well-being, and is influenced by teachers, trainers, and parents. The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between motivational climate, family functionality, and physical activity within a population of students from Spain and Romania. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of university students specialization: physical education (n = 605; 20.71 +/- 2.42 years old), using the perceived motivational climate in sport questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2), the physical activity questionnaire for adolescents (PAQ-A), and the family functionality scale (APGAR) as the main instruments. IBM SPSS Amos was used for data analysis in the structural equation model that was developed. Results: We observed positive relationships between task-oriented climate, family functionality, and the level of physical activity, showing higher regression weights for Spanish university students. Ego-oriented climate was negatively related to family functionality in Spanish university students, while this association was positive in Romanian students. Moreover, the relationship between physical activity and functional family was stronger in respondents from Spain. Conclusions: It can be pointed out that a better family functionality can promote higher levels of physical activity and self-determined motivations in sports shown by task-oriented motivational climates. Thus, it is essential to take into account the influence of family in the promotion of healthy lifestyles

课后辅导态度、因素及辅导实践在提高学业表现上的影响

تعد ديناميات التوجيه والدروس الخصوصية للطلاب من أهم العناصر التي تحدد النماذج التربوية والتعليمية الجديدة المطلوبة وفقًا لمعايير جودة التعليم الحالي. للتحقق من العلاقات في هذه الإجراءات وبعض المتغيرات التي ترتبط بها ,مثل الأدوار والمواقف التي يلعبها الطلاب فيها وتأثيرهم على جوانب مركزية مثل إمكانات أدائهم الأكاديمي. تم إنشاء دراسة تجريبية مقطعية ودراسة بأثر رجعي ,أجريت على 358 من البالغين الناشئين, والتي تستخدم أربعة أدوات معيارية لجمع البيانات, باستخدام برنامج IBM AMOS® للتحليل عن طريق نموذج المعادلة الهيكلية (SEM). أظهرت النتائج ارتباطًا إيجابيًا بين الأبعاد الداخلية للموقف تجاه التدريس  ,والتنظيم الذاتي للجهد ,والمهارات الاجتماعية ,وتطوير الأداء الأكاديمي. مما يؤكد أهمية الإجراءات التعليمية في التعليم الحالي ويزيد من الحاجة إلى إجراء دراسات أوسع نطاقا من شأنها إقامة العلاقات بين مكونات البرنامج التعليمي وجوانب التطور الشخصي للطلاب ونتائج تعلمهم من خلالهاالدراسات التي تنظر في استخدام المتغيرات القابلة للقياس والتقييم.The dynamics of student guidance and tutoring are some of the most important elements that define the new pedagogical and teaching models that are required according to the quality parameters of current education. In order to verify the relationships in these actions and some variables with which they are related, such as the roles and attitudes that students play in them and their influence on such central aspects as their academic performance potential. An empirical, cross-sectional, ex post facto study was carried out on 358 emerging adults, employing four standardised instruments for data collection, using IBM AMOS® software for analysis by means of a Structural Equation Model (SEM). The results show a positive association between the internal dimensions of attitude towards mentoring, self-regulation of effort, social skills and academic performance development. This confirms the importance of tutoring actions in current education and raises the need for more extensive studies that establish the relationships between tutoring components, aspects of students' personal development and their learning outcomes through studies that consider the use of measurable and evaluable variables.Las dinámicas de orientación y tutoría de los estudiantes son algunos de los elementos más importantes que definen los nuevos modelos pedagógicos y docentes que se requieren según los parámetros de calidad de la educación actual. Para comprobar las relaciones en estas acciones y algunas variables con las que se relacionan, como los roles y actitudes que en ellos desempeñan los estudiantes y su influencia en aspectos tan centrales como su potencial de desempeño académico. Se establece un estudio empírico, de corte transversal y ex post facto, realizado en 358 adultos emergentes, que emplea cuatro instrumentos estandarizados para la recogida de datos, utilizando el software IBM AMOS® para el análisis mediante un Modelo de Ecuaciones Estructurales (SEM). Los resultados muestran una asociación positiva entre las dimensiones internas de la actitud hacia la tutoría, la autorregulación del esfuerzo, las habilidades sociales y el desarrollo del desempeño académico. Lo que constata la importancia de las acciones tutoriales en la educación actual y plantea la necesidad de realizar estudios más amplios que establezcan las relaciones entre los componentes tutoriales, aspectos del desarrollo personal de los estudiantes y los resultados de su aprendizaje mediante estudios que consideren el uso de variables mensurables y evaluables.As dinâmicas de orientação e tutoria dos estudantes são alguns dos elementos mais importantes que definem os novos modelos pedagógicos e docentes exigidos de acordo com os parâmetros de qualidade da educação atual. Para verificar as relações nestas ações e algumas variáveis com as quais se relacionam, tais como os papéis e as atitudes que os estudantes desempenham nelas e a sua influência em aspetos tão centrais como o seu potencial de desempenho académico. Estabelece-se um estudo empírico, de corte transversal e ex post facto, realizado em 358 adultos emergentes, utilizando quatro instrumentos estandardizados para a recolha de dados, com recurso ao software IBM AMOS® para a análise através de um Modelo de Equações Estruturais (SEM). Os resultados mostram uma associação positiva entre as dimensões internas da atitude em relação à tutoria, a autorregulação do esforço, as competências sociais e o desenvolvimento do desempenho académico. O que constata a importância das ações de tutoria na educação atual e aborda a necessidade de realizar estudos mais aprofundados que estabeleçam as relações entre os componentes da tutoria, aspetos do desenvolvimento pessoal dos estudantes e os resultados da sua aprendizagem mediante estudos que considerem a utilização de variáveis mensuráveis e avaliáveis.As dinâmicas de orientação e tutoria dos estudantes são alguns dos elementos mais importantes que definem os novos modelos pedagógicos e docentes exigidos de acordo com os parâmetros de qualidade da educação atual. Para verificar as relações nestas ações e algumas variáveis com as quais se relacionam, tais como os papéis e as atitudes que os estudantes desempenham nelas e a sua influência em aspetos tão centrais como o seu potencial de desempenho académico. Estabelece-se um estudo empírico, de corte transversal e ex post facto, realizado em 358 adultos emergentes, utilizando quatro instrumentos estandardizados para a recolha de dados, com recurso ao software IBM AMOS® para a análise através de um Modelo de Equações Estruturais (SEM). Os resultados mostram uma associação positiva entre as dimensões internas da atitude em relação à tutoria, a autorregulação do esforço, as competências sociais e o desenvolvimento do desempenho académico. O que constata a importância das ações de tutoria na educação atual e aborda a necessidade de realizar estudos mais aprofundados que estabeleçam as relações entre os componentes da tutoria, aspetos do desenvolvimento pessoal dos estudantes e os resultados da sua aprendizagem mediante estudos que considerem a utilização de variáveis mensuráveis e avaliáveis.根据现代教育质量参数，对学生的教育引导和课后辅导是定义教育学及教师新模型的重要因素。为了验证两者与其他相关变量如角色、学生态度间的关系，以及其在学术界等核心方面的影响，通过经验、横断面及事后解释研究，采用四种标准工具对正在成人初显期的358名对象进行数据收集，并使用IBM AMOS®软件对数据进行结构方程建模分析。研究结果显示对课后辅导的态度、自我付出调节、社交能力和学业表现发展这几项内部维度间存在正相关。这证实了现代教育中课后辅导实践的重要性，也提出了有必要在此方面进行更广泛的研究，通过可测量及可评估变量的研究来确定辅导因素、学生个人发展及学习成果间的关系

Motivational Climate in Sport Is Associated with Life Stress Levels, Academic Performance and Physical Activity Engagement of Adolescents

The present study sought to define and contrast an explanatory model incorporating motivational climate towards sport, life stress, academic performance, and engagement in physical activity, and to analyze the existing relationships between these variables as a function of sex. A total of 2452 adolescents of both sexes (42.7% males and 57.3% females) participated in the present study, with self-reported ages between 13 and 16 years (M = 14.43; SD = 1.15). Participants were from Granada (Spain) and perceived motivational climate towards sport (PMCSQ-2), life stress (PSS), academic performance, and engagement in physical activity (PAQ-A) were analyzed. A multi-group structural equation model was constructed, which demonstrated excellent fit to the observed data (X2 = 309.402; DF = 40; p < 0.001; CFI = 0.973; NFI = 0.970; IFI = 0.973; and RMSEA = 0.052). A negative and direct association exists between ego climate and task climate. A positive association was found between motivational climate, task climate (males r = 0.336/females r = 0.238), and ego climate (males r = 0.198/ females r = 0.089) and engagement in physical activity. A task climate was associated with better academic performance and lower levels of life stress. The main conclusions of this study highlight that a task-involving climate and engagement in physical activity are both associated with lower levels of life stress and higher levels of academic performance

Analysis of Motivational Climate, Emotional Intelligence, and Healthy Habits in Physical Education Teachers of the Future Using Structural Equations

This study developed a Structural Equation Model (SEM) in order to identify the associations between motivational climate, emotional intelligence, adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD), Physical Activity (PA), and some health indicators in a sample of future teachers. A non-experimental and cross-sectional study was carried in 775 university students (22.22 3.76), using as main scales the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (PMCSQ-2), Emotional Intelligence Inventory adapted for the sport context, Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A), Mediterranean Diet Quality Index (KIDMED), 20 meter Shuttle Run Test (20mSRT), and percentage of lean and fat mass as calculated by the Tanita TBF300®®(Tanita-Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) electronic scale. The results showed a positive association between emotional intelligence and task climate, whereas the relationship with an ego climate was low. Ego-oriented climate was positively related to MD and high levels of PA. Emotional intelligence was directly related to higher levels of PA and the level of adherence to MD. PA was negatively associated with fat mass and positively with lean mass and VO2MAX. Task-oriented motivational climate showed a positive relation with the emotional intelligence of young people. Ego-oriented motivational climates were related to higher rates of physical-sport engagement and better diet quality

DISTANCE EDUCATION IN BOLIVIA: CURRENT SITUATION AND PROPOSAL FOR IMPROVEMENT

The study analyzes distance education in the present and the proposals for improvement in its methodology in the Bolivian Educational System in such a way that the same is correctly legislated and to avoid the conflicts presented in the obtaining of careers and specialties at undergraduate and postgraduate level by the use of distance education for visualizing the contextualization of fundamental ideas. The bibliography allowed arrive at the foundations and doctrinal theoretical bases to give a solution to the problem raised with the elaboration of a law proposal; the same one that, after an analysis was validated, allowing to recommend that this proposal is presented to the competent authorities by law, for its approval and promulgation