Global Landscape Review of Serotype-Specific Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Surveillance among Countries Using PCV10/13: The Pneumococcal Serotype Replacement and Distribution Estimation (PSERENADE) Project.

Serotype-specific surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is essential for assessing the impact of 10- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV10/13). The Pneumococcal Serotype Replacement and Distribution Estimation (PSERENADE) project aimed to evaluate the global evidence to estimate the impact of PCV10/13 by age, product, schedule, and syndrome. Here we systematically characterize and summarize the global landscape of routine serotype-specific IPD surveillance in PCV10/13-using countries and describe the subset that are included in PSERENADE. Of 138 countries using PCV10/13 as of 2018, we identified 109 with IPD surveillance systems, 76 of which met PSERENADE data collection eligibility criteria. PSERENADE received data from most (n = 63, 82.9%), yielding 240,639 post-PCV10/13 introduction IPD cases. Pediatric and adult surveillance was represented from all geographic regions but was limited from lower income and high-burden countries. In PSERENADE, 18 sites evaluated PCV10, 42 PCV13, and 17 both; 17 sites used a 3 + 0 schedule, 38 used 2 + 1, 13 used 3 + 1, and 9 used mixed schedules. With such a sizeable and generally representative dataset, PSERENADE will be able to conduct robust analyses to estimate PCV impact and inform policy at national and global levels regarding adult immunization, schedule, and product choice, including for higher valency PCVs on the horizon

Brucellosis in Mammals of Costa Rica: An Epidemiological Survey

Brucellosis has been an endemic disease of cattle and humans in Costa Rica since the beginning of XX century. However, brucellosis in sheep, goats, pigs, water buffaloes, horses and cetaceans, has not been reported in the country. We have performed a brucellosis survey in these host mammal species, from 1999-2016. In addition, we have documented the number of human brucellosis reported cases, from 2003-2016. The brucellosis seroprevalence in goat and sheep herds was 0.98% and 0.7% respectively, with no Brucella isolation. Antibodies against Brucella were not detected in feral or domestic pigs. Likewise, brucellosis seroprevalence in horse and water buffalo farms was estimated in 6.5% and 21.7%, respectively, with no Brucella isolation. Six cetacean species showed positive reactions against Brucella antigens, and B. ceti was isolated in 70% (n = 29) of striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba). A steady increase in the diagnosis of human brucellosis cases was observed. Taking into account the prevalence of brucellosis in the various host mammals of Costa Rica, different measures are recommended.Medicina Veterinari

Protocolo nacional de vigilancia, atención y control de cólera (2022)

El cólera es una de las enfermedades más antiguas de la humanidad, pero es hasta inicios del siglo XIX que se dispone de un mayor conocimiento de sus causas, formas de transmisión y tratamiento. El mecanismo de transmisión del Vibrio cholerae se da por medio de las heces de personas infectadas, por lo cual, la enfermedad se disemina rápidamente si no se cuenta con un manejo apropiado del agua potable, sistemas de alcantarillado sanitario y de tratamiento. La enfermedad se adquiere al ingerir agua o alimentos contaminados o mediante contacto de persona a persona. Aunque la enfermedad generalmente es benigna o incluso en un 75 % de los casos pueden cursar en forma asintomática, se reporta que un 5 % de las personas enfermas requieren atención urgente y un 2 % desarrollan formas graves. Con atención oportuna y rehidratación apropiada la tasa de letalidad es inferior al 1 %. En Costa Rica, los primeros casos de la epidemia de cólera de 1991 en América y Suramérica se detectaron en 1992, con un último caso en el año 1997. En 1998 la OMS declara una reemergencia por cólera en la región de las Américas y en los años 2010, 2017 y en octubre 2022 se han presentado brotes epidémicos de cólera en Haití. Ante la situación de riesgo por diseminación entre países de la región, Costa Rica procedió a activar los planes de preparación y respuesta, se intensificó el sistema de vigilancia y se actualizaron los lineamientos que se presentan en este protocolo. La promoción de prácticas apropiada de higiene mediante el lavado de manos y consumo de alimentos adecuadamente cocidos y lavados, así como la garantía de dotación de agua segura para consumo humano son condiciones esenciales para prevenir el cólera. Agradecemos a todos los profesionales y equipos de trabajo que brindaron información y valiosos aportes a la actualización de este protocolo. La puesta en práctica de los conceptos y procedimientos contenidos en este documento, son condiciones claves que permitirán prevenir, detectar, atender y controlar la enfermedad del cólera.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud (INISA

Genome-Based Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes, Costa Rica

International audienceGenomic data on the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes from Central America are scarce. Here, we analysed 92 isolates collected in Costa Rica over a decade from different regions, compared them to publicly available genomes and identified unrecognized outbreaks. This study calls for mandatory reporting of listeriosis to improve pathogen surveillance

Brucellosis in mammals of Costa Rica: An epidemiological survey.

Brucellosis has been an endemic disease of cattle and humans in Costa Rica since the beginning of XX century. However, brucellosis in sheep, goats, pigs, water buffaloes, horses and cetaceans, has not been reported in the country. We have performed a brucellosis survey in these host mammal species, from 1999-2016. In addition, we have documented the number of human brucellosis reported cases, from 2003-2016. The brucellosis seroprevalence in goat and sheep herds was 0.98% and 0.7% respectively, with no Brucella isolation. Antibodies against Brucella were not detected in feral or domestic pigs. Likewise, brucellosis seroprevalence in horse and water buffalo farms was estimated in 6.5% and 21.7%, respectively, with no Brucella isolation. Six cetacean species showed positive reactions against Brucella antigens, and B. ceti was isolated in 70% (n = 29) of striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba). A steady increase in the diagnosis of human brucellosis cases was observed. Taking into account the prevalence of brucellosis in the various host mammals of Costa Rica, different measures are recommended

Sampling of animal stocks, in the six regions of CR.

<p>The epidemiological regions are as follow: 1, Northern Huetar; 2, Central; 3, Brunca; 4, Chorotega; 5, Caribbean Huetar; 6, Central Pacific. Each red dot represents an animal stock facility.</p

Numbers of ovine and caprine herds and numbers of animals by geographical region in Costa Rica (2015).

<p>Numbers of ovine and caprine herds and numbers of animals by geographical region in Costa Rica (2015).</p

Serotype Distribution of Remaining Pneumococcal Meningitis in the Mature PCV10/13 Period: Findings from the PSERENADE Project

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) introduction has reduced pneumococcal meningitis incidence. The Pneumococcal Serotype Replacement and Distribution Estimation (PSERENADE) project described the serotype distribution of remaining pneumococcal meningitis in countries using PCV10/13 for least 5-7 years with primary series uptake above 70%. The distribution was estimated using a multinomial Dirichlet regression model, stratified by PCV product and age. In PCV10-using sites (N = 8; cases = 1141), PCV10 types caused 5% of cases <5 years of age and 15% among ≥5 years; the top serotypes were 19A, 6C, and 3, together causing 42% of cases <5 years and 37% ≥5 years. In PCV13-using sites (N = 32; cases = 4503), PCV13 types caused 14% in <5 and 26% in ≥5 years; 4% and 13%, respectively, were serotype 3. Among the top serotypes are five (15BC, 8, 12F, 10A, and 22F) included in higher-valency PCVs under evaluation. Other top serotypes (24F, 23B, and 23A) are not in any known investigational product. In countries with mature vaccination programs, the proportion of pneumococcal meningitis caused by vaccine-in-use serotypes is lower (≤26% across all ages) than pre-PCV (≥70% in children). Higher-valency PCVs under evaluation target over half of remaining pneumococcal meningitis cases, but questions remain regarding generalizability to the African meningitis belt where additional data are needed