99 research outputs found

    SystĂšme de la nature et connaissance historique Ă  l’ñge classique : autour de l’EncyclopĂ©die de Diderot et D’Alembert

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    Ce mĂ©moire propose d’explorer trois « expĂ©rience de pensĂ©e » dĂ©crites dans les Ɠuvres de Diderot, en particulier dans la Promenade du sceptique, l’EncyclopĂ©die et le RĂȘve de D’Alembert, qui laissent entrevoir par leur forme mĂȘme l’image de l’activitĂ© de la pensĂ©e. Le but de cette recherche est de tester la possibilitĂ© d’une connaissance historique (prise au sens large) au travers de l’expĂ©rience de sens que constituent ces Ɠuvres de Diderot conçues comme « fictions », dans le statut ontologique des objets engagĂ©s dans l’expĂ©rience et la fonction de l’histoire dans ces expĂ©riences. La premiĂšre partie prĂ©sente une nature fixe et dĂ©sordonnĂ©e, de laquelle l’observateur fait une expĂ©rience spatiale et temporelle dont il rend compte dans un discours analogique qui l’interprĂšte, c’est-Ă -dire la calque. Diderot critique ainsi le cogito de Descartes, uniquement tournĂ© vers le prĂ©sent de l’énonciation. L’histoire, comme genre littĂ©raire, est pratiquĂ©e de maniĂšre subversive pour critiquer l’érudition. La deuxiĂšme partie prĂ©sente la complexitĂ© de la structure de l’EncyclopĂ©die et son mode de fonctionnement interne qui rend compte d’une conception historicisĂ©e de l’expĂ©rience (par accumulation de donnĂ©es et redĂ©finition processuelle des frontiĂšres de la connaissance). L’ouvrage a un rapport ambigu avec l’histoire et plusieurs pratiques historiennes se cĂŽtoient. La troisiĂšme partie, quant Ă  elle, prĂ©sente une forme de connaissance historique interne Ă  l’expĂ©rience du soi dans la mĂ©moire dont il est constituĂ© et fait signe vers une « mĂ©taphysique » de la poĂ©sie, conçue dans sa possibilitĂ© d’accĂšs Ă  la pensĂ©e des liaisons nĂ©cessaires du monde.The purpose of this research is to explore three « experiences of thought » described in Diderot’s oeuvres, in particular in the Promenade du sceptique, the EncyclopĂ©die and the RĂȘve de D’Alembert, each of which reveal in themselves the image of thought’s activity. It proposes to elucidate a kind of historical knowledge (of history in general) by examining the experience of meaning that constitutes these works of “fiction”, in which one uncovers the ontological status for objects supplied by experience, as well as the role that history plays in these experiences. The first chapter presents nature as both a fixed and disordered, something which the observer interprets and even outlines via an analogical narrative. Diderot also criticizes Descartes’ cogito, which is orientated in particular towards to the present, or the moment of enunciation. History, as a literary genre, is practiced subversively and aimed at criticizing intellectual erudition. The second chapter deals with the complexity of the structure of the EncyclopĂ©die as well as its internal operation, which presents a historicist conception of experience in and through the accumulation of facts and successive redefinitions of the limits of knowledge. His work as a whole has an ambiguous relationship with history and entails several historical practices. The third chapter explicates a form of historical knowledge internal to the experience of the self in the memory that constitutes it, and points to a “metaphysics” of poetry. This poetry opens up the possibility of thinking the necessary relations that make up the world

    Male mice song syntax depends on social contexts and influences female preferences.

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    In 2005, Holy and Guo advanced the idea that male mice produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) with some features similar to courtship songs of songbirds. Since then, studies showed that male mice emit USV songs in different contexts (sexual and other) and possess a multisyllabic repertoire. Debate still exists for and against plasticity in their vocalizations. But the use of a multisyllabic repertoire can increase potential flexibility and information, in how elements are organized and recombined, namely syntax. In many bird species, modulating song syntax has ethological relevance for sexual behavior and mate preferences. In this study we exposed adult male mice to different social contexts and developed a new approach of analyzing their USVs based on songbird syntax analysis. We found that male mice modify their syntax, including specific sequences, length of sequence, repertoire composition, and spectral features, according to stimulus and social context. Males emit longer and simpler syllables and sequences when singing to females, but more complex syllables and sequences in response to fresh female urine. Playback experiments show that the females prefer the complex songs over the simpler ones. We propose the complex songs are to lure females in, whereas the directed simpler sequences are used for direct courtship. These results suggest that although mice have a much more limited ability of song modification, they could still be used as animal models for understanding some vocal communication features that songbirds are used for

    Faire parler les pierres. Minéralité et réminiscence dans quelques DenkmÀler allemands de la Seconde Guerre mondiale

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    Alors que, durant tout le xixe siĂšcle, la nation allemande se cherche un passĂ©, des racines, Ă  travers notamment la constitution de collections antiquaires, la construction de musĂ©es (comme, Ă  Munich, la Glyptothek, dont la construction s’échelonne de 1815 à 1830 ou les deux premiĂšres Pinakotheken, construites respectivement entre 1826 et 1836 et entre 1846 et 1853), le dĂ©veloppement des sciences de l’homme (philologiques, archĂ©ologiques, etc.), l’analyse des mythes et de l’histoire ancienne ..

    RÎle(s) des motivations naturelles dans la prise décision (bases neurobiologiques et comportementales)

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    La prise de dĂ©cision est un processus indispensable et vital pour les mammifĂšres. Elle permet Ă  l individu de s adapter aux changements qui s opĂšrent dans son environnement et rĂ©sulte de l intĂ©gration d informations sensorielles, Ă©motionnelles, motivationnelles et exĂ©cutives (qui peuvent ĂȘtre internes ou externes Ă  l individu). Des Ă©tudes, Ă  la fois chez le sujet humain (sujet sain, patients cĂ©rĂ©brolĂ©sĂ©s ou atteints de pathologies psychiatriques), et sur les modĂšles animaux singe, rats ou souris, ont permis d identifier le cortex prĂ©frontal comme acteur crucial dans ces processus exĂ©cutifs complexes. La mise en place au sein de notre laboratoire d un test d interaction sociale permettant de gĂ©nĂ©rer des prises de dĂ©cision rapides et adaptĂ©es en prĂ©sence d un congĂ©nĂšre nouveau, nous a permis d Ă©tudier les bases neurobiologiques et comportementales sous-jacentes Ă  la prise de dĂ©cision et Ă  la flexibilitĂ© comportementale. Il est connu que les rongeurs Ă©mettent des USVs dont le rĂŽle et les mĂ©canismes motivationnels et/ou Ă©motionnels restent largement inconnus Ă  ce jour. Mon travail de thĂšse repose principalement sur l identification des acteurs cĂ©rĂ©braux de cette interaction sociale, et sur le rĂŽle putatif des USVs. D autre part, je me suis employĂ© Ă  comprendre comment les motivations naturelles (telles que la nourriture, l exploration d objet ou de l environnement, et l interaction avec un congĂ©nĂšre) sont intĂ©grĂ©es au canevas de prise de dĂ©cision et comment elles l influencent.Dans un premier temps, en utilisant des procĂ©dures d imagerie cellulaire basĂ©e sur l expression de gĂšnes prĂ©coces (c-fos), et ce, Ă  la fois chez des animaux contrĂŽles et chez des animaux prĂ©sentant des troubles des comportements sociaux (b2KO), nous avons pu mettre en Ă©vidence l implication diffĂ©rentielle de sous-parties du cortex prĂ©frontal chez la souris. Par la suite, la mise en place d un logiciel spĂ©cifique d analyse, ainsi que la modulation de l Ă©tat de motivation de l animal lors de la tĂąche d interaction sociale, nous a permis de mieux comprendre l Ă©tablissement de comportements adaptĂ©s lors de l interaction sociale. Pour finir, en variant les contextes comportementaux, nous avons montrĂ© qu il existe une relation Ă©troite entre Ă©tat Ă©motionnel et motivationnel de l animal et Ă©mission d USVs. Notamment, les USVs semblent porter une information spĂ©cifique lors de l interaction sociale qui reste encore largement Ă  dĂ©terminer.Decision-making is one of the most essential process for mammals. It allows the individual to adapt to environmental changes by the integration of sensory, emotional, motivational and executive information. Numerous studies, in human subject (healthy or not), and on animal models like monkey, rats or mice, have allowed the identification of a major actor in these complex processes: the prefrontal cortex. In our laboratory, we set up a new test, called the social interaction task -SIT-, to generate quick and adapted decision-making in presence of a new congener. This task was used to dissect neural and behavioral bases underlying decision-making and behavioral flexibility during social interaction. It is well known now that rodents emit ultrasonic vocalizations -USVs-, of which roles and mechanisms (motivational or emotional) remain largely unknown. My work was devoted to the identification of brain structures that allow flexible social interactions, and to the unraveling of the putative role(s) of USVs during SIT. I also tried to understand how natural motivations (like social interaction, exploration, and food consumption) take part in the decision-making process.First, by using cellular imaging procedure based on the expression of immediate early genes (c-fos): we were able to highlight the differential involvement of sub-areas of the prefrontal cortex in mice. Subsequently, the development of a new specific software, and the ability to modulate the motivational state of the animal, enabled us to understand better the establishment of adapted behaviors during the SIT. Finally, by varying behavioral contexts, we found a tight relationship between emotional/motivational states and USVs emissions. Notably, USVs appear to carry specific information in social interaction, and this point largely remains to be determined.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. Ă©lectronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Mutation of an Arabidopsis Golgi membrane protein ELMO1 reduces cell adhesion

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    Plant growth, morphogenesis and development involve cellular adhesion, a process dependent on the composition and structure of the extracellular matrix or cell wall. Pectin in the cell wall is thought to play an essential role in adhesion, and its modification and cleavage are suggested to be highly regulated so as to change adhesive properties. To increase our understanding of plant cell adhesion, a population of ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized Arabidopsis were screened for hypocotyl adhesion defects using the pectin binding dye Ruthenium Red that penetrates defective but not wild-type (WT) hypocotyl cell walls. Genomic sequencing was used to identify a mutant allele of ELMO1 which encodes a 20 kDa Golgi membrane protein that has no predicted enzymatic domains. ELMO1 colocalizes with several Golgi markers and elmo1-/- plants can be rescued by an ELMO1-GFP fusion. elmo1-/- exhibits reduced mannose content relative to WT but no other cell wall changes and can be rescued to WT phenotype by mutants in ESMERALDA1, which also suppresses other adhesion mutants. elmo1 describes a previously unidentified role for the ELMO1 protein in plant cell adhesion

    Adult Male Mice Emit Context-Specific Ultrasonic Vocalizations That Are Modulated by Prior Isolation or Group Rearing Environment

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    Social interactions in mice are frequently analysed in genetically modified strains in order to get insight of disorders affecting social interactions such as autism spectrum disorders. Different types of social interactions have been described, mostly between females and pups, and between adult males and females. However, we recently showed that social interactions between adult males could also encompass cognitive and motivational features. During social interactions, rodents emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), but it remains unknown if call types are differently used depending of the context and if they are correlated with motivational state. Here, we recorded the calls of adult C57BL/6J male mice in various behavioral conditions, such as social interaction, novelty exploration and restraint stress. We introduced a modulator for the motivational state by comparing males maintained in isolation and males maintained in groups before the experiments. Male mice uttered USVs in all social and non-social situations, and even in a stressful restraint context. They nevertheless emitted the most important number of calls with the largest diversity of call types in social interactions, particularly when showing a high motivation for social contact. For mice maintained in social isolation, the number of calls recorded was positively correlated with the duration of social contacts, and most calls were uttered during contacts between the two mice. This correlation was not observed in mice maintained in groups. These results open the way for a deeper understanding and characterization of acoustic signals associated with social interactions. They can also help evaluating the role of motivational states in the emission of acoustic signals

    Roles of natural motivations in decision-making : neurobiological and behavioral bases

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    La prise de dĂ©cision est un processus indispensable et vital pour les mammifĂšres. Elle permet Ă  l’individu de s’adapter aux changements qui s’opĂšrent dans son environnement et rĂ©sulte de l’intĂ©gration d’informations sensorielles, Ă©motionnelles, motivationnelles et exĂ©cutives (qui peuvent ĂȘtre internes ou externes Ă  l’individu). Des Ă©tudes, Ă  la fois chez le sujet humain (sujet sain, patients cĂ©rĂ©brolĂ©sĂ©s ou atteints de pathologies psychiatriques), et sur les modĂšles animaux singe, rats ou souris, ont permis d’identifier le cortex prĂ©frontal comme acteur crucial dans ces processus exĂ©cutifs complexes. La mise en place au sein de notre laboratoire d’un test d’interaction sociale permettant de gĂ©nĂ©rer des prises de dĂ©cision rapides et adaptĂ©es en prĂ©sence d’un congĂ©nĂšre nouveau, nous a permis d’étudier les bases neurobiologiques et comportementales sous-jacentes Ă  la prise de dĂ©cision et Ă  la flexibilitĂ© comportementale. Il est connu que les rongeurs Ă©mettent des USVs dont le rĂŽle et les mĂ©canismes motivationnels et/ou Ă©motionnels restent largement inconnus Ă  ce jour. Mon travail de thĂšse repose principalement sur l’identification des acteurs cĂ©rĂ©braux de cette interaction sociale, et sur le rĂŽle putatif des USVs. D’autre part, je me suis employĂ© Ă  comprendre comment les motivations naturelles (telles que la nourriture, l’exploration d’objet ou de l’environnement, et l’interaction avec un congĂ©nĂšre) sont intĂ©grĂ©es au canevas de prise de dĂ©cision et comment elles l’influencent.Dans un premier temps, en utilisant des procĂ©dures d’imagerie cellulaire basĂ©e sur l’expression de gĂšnes prĂ©coces (c-fos), et ce, Ă  la fois chez des animaux contrĂŽles et chez des animaux prĂ©sentant des troubles des comportements sociaux (ÎČ2KO), nous avons pu mettre en Ă©vidence l’implication diffĂ©rentielle de sous-parties du cortex prĂ©frontal chez la souris. Par la suite, la mise en place d’un logiciel spĂ©cifique d’analyse, ainsi que la modulation de l’état de motivation de l’animal lors de la tĂąche d’interaction sociale, nous a permis de mieux comprendre l’établissement de comportements adaptĂ©s lors de l’interaction sociale. Pour finir, en variant les contextes comportementaux, nous avons montrĂ© qu’il existe une relation Ă©troite entre Ă©tat Ă©motionnel et motivationnel de l’animal et Ă©mission d’USVs. Notamment, les USVs semblent porter une information spĂ©cifique lors de l’interaction sociale qui reste encore largement Ă  dĂ©terminer.Decision-making is one of the most essential process for mammals. It allows the individual to adapt to environmental changes by the integration of sensory, emotional, motivational and executive information. Numerous studies, in human subject (healthy or not), and on animal models like monkey, rats or mice, have allowed the identification of a major actor in these complex processes: the prefrontal cortex. In our laboratory, we set up a new test, called the social interaction task -SIT-, to generate quick and adapted decision-making in presence of a new congener. This task was used to dissect neural and behavioral bases underlying decision-making and behavioral flexibility during social interaction. It is well known now that rodents emit ultrasonic vocalizations -USVs-, of which roles and mechanisms (motivational or emotional) remain largely unknown. My work was devoted to the identification of brain structures that allow flexible social interactions, and to the unraveling of the putative role(s) of USVs during SIT. I also tried to understand how natural motivations (like social interaction, exploration, and food consumption) take part in the decision-making process.First, by using cellular imaging procedure based on the expression of immediate early genes (c-fos): we were able to highlight the differential involvement of sub-areas of the prefrontal cortex in mice. Subsequently, the development of a new specific software, and the ability to modulate the motivational state of the animal, enabled us to understand better the establishment of adapted behaviors during the SIT. Finally, by varying behavioral contexts, we found a tight relationship between emotional/motivational states and USVs emissions. Notably, USVs appear to carry specific information in social interaction, and this point largely remains to be determined

    RÎle(s) des motivations naturelles dans la prise décision : bases neurobiologiques et comportementales

    No full text
    Decision-making is one of the most essential process for mammals. It allows the individual to adapt to environmental changes by the integration of sensory, emotional, motivational and executive information. Numerous studies, in human subject (healthy or not), and on animal models like monkey, rats or mice, have allowed the identification of a major actor in these complex processes: the prefrontal cortex. In our laboratory, we set up a new test, called the social interaction task -SIT-, to generate quick and adapted decision-making in presence of a new congener. This task was used to dissect neural and behavioral bases underlying decision-making and behavioral flexibility during social interaction. It is well known now that rodents emit ultrasonic vocalizations -USVs-, of which roles and mechanisms (motivational or emotional) remain largely unknown. My work was devoted to the identification of brain structures that allow flexible social interactions, and to the unraveling of the putative role(s) of USVs during SIT. I also tried to understand how natural motivations (like social interaction, exploration, and food consumption) take part in the decision-making process.First, by using cellular imaging procedure based on the expression of immediate early genes (c-fos): we were able to highlight the differential involvement of sub-areas of the prefrontal cortex in mice. Subsequently, the development of a new specific software, and the ability to modulate the motivational state of the animal, enabled us to understand better the establishment of adapted behaviors during the SIT. Finally, by varying behavioral contexts, we found a tight relationship between emotional/motivational states and USVs emissions. Notably, USVs appear to carry specific information in social interaction, and this point largely remains to be determined.La prise de dĂ©cision est un processus indispensable et vital pour les mammifĂšres. Elle permet Ă  l’individu de s’adapter aux changements qui s’opĂšrent dans son environnement et rĂ©sulte de l’intĂ©gration d’informations sensorielles, Ă©motionnelles, motivationnelles et exĂ©cutives (qui peuvent ĂȘtre internes ou externes Ă  l’individu). Des Ă©tudes, Ă  la fois chez le sujet humain (sujet sain, patients cĂ©rĂ©brolĂ©sĂ©s ou atteints de pathologies psychiatriques), et sur les modĂšles animaux singe, rats ou souris, ont permis d’identifier le cortex prĂ©frontal comme acteur crucial dans ces processus exĂ©cutifs complexes. La mise en place au sein de notre laboratoire d’un test d’interaction sociale permettant de gĂ©nĂ©rer des prises de dĂ©cision rapides et adaptĂ©es en prĂ©sence d’un congĂ©nĂšre nouveau, nous a permis d’étudier les bases neurobiologiques et comportementales sous-jacentes Ă  la prise de dĂ©cision et Ă  la flexibilitĂ© comportementale. Il est connu que les rongeurs Ă©mettent des USVs dont le rĂŽle et les mĂ©canismes motivationnels et/ou Ă©motionnels restent largement inconnus Ă  ce jour. Mon travail de thĂšse repose principalement sur l’identification des acteurs cĂ©rĂ©braux de cette interaction sociale, et sur le rĂŽle putatif des USVs. D’autre part, je me suis employĂ© Ă  comprendre comment les motivations naturelles (telles que la nourriture, l’exploration d’objet ou de l’environnement, et l’interaction avec un congĂ©nĂšre) sont intĂ©grĂ©es au canevas de prise de dĂ©cision et comment elles l’influencent.Dans un premier temps, en utilisant des procĂ©dures d’imagerie cellulaire basĂ©e sur l’expression de gĂšnes prĂ©coces (c-fos), et ce, Ă  la fois chez des animaux contrĂŽles et chez des animaux prĂ©sentant des troubles des comportements sociaux (ÎČ2KO), nous avons pu mettre en Ă©vidence l’implication diffĂ©rentielle de sous-parties du cortex prĂ©frontal chez la souris. Par la suite, la mise en place d’un logiciel spĂ©cifique d’analyse, ainsi que la modulation de l’état de motivation de l’animal lors de la tĂąche d’interaction sociale, nous a permis de mieux comprendre l’établissement de comportements adaptĂ©s lors de l’interaction sociale. Pour finir, en variant les contextes comportementaux, nous avons montrĂ© qu’il existe une relation Ă©troite entre Ă©tat Ă©motionnel et motivationnel de l’animal et Ă©mission d’USVs. Notamment, les USVs semblent porter une information spĂ©cifique lors de l’interaction sociale qui reste encore largement Ă  dĂ©terminer

    Cell adhesion in plants is under the control of putative O-fucosyltransferases

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    Cell-to-cell adhesion in plants is mediated by the cell wall and the presence of a pectin-rich middle lamella. However, we know very little about how the plant actually controls and maintains cell adhesion during growth and development and how it deals with the dynamic cell wall remodeling that takes place. Here we investigate the molecular mechanisms that control cell adhesion in plants. We carried out a genetic suppressor screen and a genetic analysis of cell adhesion-defective Arabidopsis thaliana mutants. We identified a genetic suppressor of a cell adhesion defect affecting a putative O-fucosyltransferase. Furthermore, we show that the state of cell adhesion is not directly linked with pectin content in the cell wall but instead is associated with altered pectin-related signaling. Our results suggest that cell adhesion is under the control of a feedback signal from the state of the pectin in the cell wall. Such a mechanism could be necessary for the control and maintenance of cell adhesion during growth and development
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