Fundamental social motives measured across forty-two cultures in two waves

How does psychology vary across human societies? The fundamental social motives framework adopts an evolutionary approach to capture the broad range of human social goals within a taxonomy of ancestrally recurring threats and opportunities. These motives-self-protection, disease avoidance, affiliation, status, mate acquisition, mate retention, and kin care-are high in fitness relevance and everyday salience, yet understudied cross-culturally. Here, we gathered data on these motives in 42 countries (N = 15,915) in two cross-sectional waves, including 19 countries (N = 10,907) for which data were gathered in both waves. Wave 1 was collected from mid-2016 through late 2019 (32 countries, N = 8,998; 3,302 male, 5,585 female; Mage = 24.43, SD = 7.91). Wave 2 was collected from April through November 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic (29 countries, N = 6,917; 2,249 male, 4,218 female; Mage = 28.59, SD = 11.31). These data can be used to assess differences and similarities in people's fundamental social motives both across and within cultures, at different time points, and in relation to other commonly studied cultural indicators and outcomes

Fundamental social motives measured across forty-two cultures in two waves

How does psychology vary across human societies? The fundamental social motives framework adopts an evolutionary approach to capture the broad range of human social goals within a taxonomy of ancestrally recurring threats and opportunities. These motives—self-protection, disease avoidance, affiliation, status, mate acquisition, mate retention, and kin care—are high in fitness relevance and everyday salience, yet understudied cross-culturally. Here, we gathered data on these motives in 42 countries (N = 15,915) in two cross-sectional waves, including 19 countries (N = 10,907) for which datawere gathered in both waves. Wave 1 was collected from mid-2016 through late 2019 (32 countries, N = 8,998; 3,302 male, 5,585 female; Mage = 24.43, SD = 7.91). Wave 2 was collected from April through November 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic (29 countries, N = 6,917; 2,249 male, 4,218 female; Mage = 28.59, SD = 11.31). These data can be used to assess differences and similarities in people’s fundamental social motives both across and within cultures, at different time points, and in relation to other commonly studied cultural indicators and outcomes

The Effect of Effort/Ability Based Contributions and In-group Membership on the Perceived Fairness of Positive and Negative Outcomes

The present study was designed to examine the effect of effort/ability based contributions and in-group membership on the perceived fairness of positive and negative outcomes. Participants read a vignette about two target persons (one of them being an in-group member and the other an out-group member) working on a joint project. These co-workers’ inputs were manipulated in such a way that one of them contributed more with either a higher ability or more effort to the accomplishment of the project. Their outputs were also manipulated to have either positive (reward) or negative (cost) outcomes. Participants (160 university students) were asked to allocate reward in positive condition and cost in negative condition among co-workers in the vignette. Then, they were asked to rate the degree of fairness of the distribution of equal outcomes. The results revealed that when the contribution type is effort, participants allocated both the rewards and the costs according to equity norm. When the contribution type is ability, participants allocated costs equally. However, when the target person who contributed more with a higher ability is in-group member, the reward is distributed proportionally; while the person is out-group member, the reward is equally distributed. The equal distribution is judged to be fairer by the participants when the contribution type is ability rather than effort; when the outcome is cost rather than reward; and when the person who contributed more is out-group member rather than in-group member.Bu araştırma ödül ve bedel bölüşümüne ilişkin haklılık algılarında katkı türü ve iç-grup üyeliğinin etkisini incelemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak yetenek/çaba, ödül/bedel, iç-grup/dış-grup değişkenlerinin değişimlenmeleriyle oluşturulan deneysel koşulları temsil eden sekiz öykü kullanılmıştır. Öykülerde, yarışmaya katılmak üzere ortak proje yürüten iki kişiden biri iç-grup, diğeri dış-grup üyesi olup, yeteneği ya da çabasıyla sonuca daha az ya da daha fazla katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada üniversite öğrencisi 160 katılımcıya, başarı koşulunda ödülü, başarısızlık koşulunda bedeli nasıl paylaştıracakları sorulmuştur. Ayrıca kendilerine sunulan eşit derecede ödül ya da bedel paylaştırma önerisini ne ölçüde adil bulduklarını değerlendirmeleri istenmiştir. Analiz sonuçları, çaba söz konusu olduğunda ödül ve bedelin iç-grup dış-grup ayrımı yapılmadan katkıya göre dağıtıldığını göstermiştir. Yetenek söz konusu olduğunda ise bedelin her iki gruba da eşit dağıtıldığı gözlenmiştir. Ancak katılımcılar, daha çok yetenekli olan iç-grup üyesi olduğunda ödülün katkıya göre, dış-grup üyesi olduğunda ise eşit dağıtılmasını tercih etmişlerdir. Katılımcılar, eşit pay dağıtımını, bedelin söz konusu olduğu durumda ödüle; yetenek söz konusu olduğunda çabaya; daha çok katkı gösteren dış-grup üyesi olduğunda iç-grup üyesine kıyasla daha adil algılamışlardır

Attitudes Toward Ex-Prisoners (Atep) Scale: A Scale Development and Validation Study

<p>The present study aimed to develop a reliable and valid assessment tool, the Attitudes Toward Ex-prisoners (ATEP) scale, to measure individuals' attitudes toward ex-prisoners. A total of 276 women and 166 men (<i>Mage</i> = 24.36, <i>SD</i> = 4.90) participated in the study. Participants completed an 80-item questionnaire designed to gauge attitudes toward ex-prisoners. Through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, a 4-factor, 26-item model emerged as the best representation of the ATEP scale. The identified factors were labeled as Social Interaction (9 items), Compassion (6 items), Social Support (6 items), and Condemnation (5 items). To assess the internal consistency of each subscale, Cronbach alpha coefficients were computed, demonstrating satisfactory reliability with values of .90 for Social Interaction, .78 for Compassion, .76 for Social Support, and .75 for Condemnation. The results of the study confirmed the reliability and validity of the ATEP scale. The scale demonstrated robust psychometric properties, allowing researchers to effectively measure and understand attitudes toward ex-prisoners.</p&gt

Attitudes Toward Ex-Prisoners (ATEP) Scale: A Scale Development and Validation Study

<p>The present study aimed to develop a reliable and valid assessment tool, the Attitudes Toward Ex-prisoners (ATEP) scale, to measure individuals' attitudes toward ex-prisoners. A total of 276 women and 166 men (<i>Mage</i> = 24.36, <i>SD</i> = 4.90) participated in the study. Participants completed an 80-item questionnaire designed to gauge attitudes toward ex-prisoners. Through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, a 4-factor, 26-item model emerged as the best representation of the ATEP scale. The identified factors were labeled as Social Interaction (9 items), Compassion (6 items), Social Support (6 items), and Condemnation (5 items). To assess the internal consistency of each subscale, Cronbach alpha coefficients were computed, demonstrating satisfactory reliability with values of .90 for Social Interaction, .78 for Compassion, .76 for Social Support, and .75 for Condemnation. The results of the study confirmed the reliability and validity of the ATEP scale. The scale demonstrated robust psychometric properties, allowing researchers to effectively measure and understand attitudes toward ex-prisoners.</p><p>Çalışmanın amacı, bireylerin eski hükümlülere yönelik tutumlarını ölçmek için güvenilir ve geçerli bir değerlendirme aracı olan "Eski Hükümlülere Yönelik Tutumlar" (EHYT) ölçeğini geliştirmektir. Çalışmaya toplam 276 kadın ve 166 erkek (Yaş ortalaması = 24.36, SS = 4.90) katılmıştır. Katılımcılar, eski hükümlülere yönelik tutumları ölçmek için tasarlanmış 80 maddelik bir anketi tamamlamışlardır. Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri aracılığıyla, 4 faktörlü, 26 madde içeren bir ölçek modeli ortaya çıkmıştır. Belirlenen faktörler Sosyal Etkileşim (9 madde), Şefkat (6 madde), Sosyal Destek (6 madde) ve Kınama (5 madde) olarak adlandırmaktadır. Her alt ölçeğin iç tutarlılığını değerlendirmek için Cronbach alfa katsayıları hesaplanmıştır: Sosyal Etkileşim = .90, Şefkat. 78, Sosyal Destek için = .76 ve Kınama = .75 değerleriyle tatmin edici güvenirlik göstermektedir. Çalışmanın sonuçları, SYT ölçeğinin güvenilirliğini ve geçerliğini doğrulamaktadır. Ölçeğin, araştırmacıların eski hükümlülere yönelik tutumları etkili bir şekilde ölçmelerine ve anlamalarına olanak tanıyan psikometrik özelliklere sahip olduğu ortaya konmuştur.</p&gt

Onur Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

The purpose of the study was to adapt the Honor Scale (HS), which is composed of four different honor codes including feminine honor, masculine honor, family honor, and moral integrity (Rodriguez Mosquera, Manstead, & Fischer, 2002b) by adding culture-congruent items, and examine the reliability and validity of the emerging scale. In line with this purpose, three studies were conducted. Study 1 (N = 57; Mage = 33.46, SDage = 15.53) was carried out to acquire additional culture-congruent items, which was used in the Study 2 (N = 422; Mage = 28.84, SDage = 6.84) on the purpose of assessing the reliability and validity of HS. Moreover, Study 3 (N = 818; Mage = 21.30, SDage = 2.15) was conducted to evaluate the generalizability of the Study 2, by using only the original HS items. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggested a three-factor solution for the scale (feminine honor, masculine honor, and moral integrity). Cronbach?s alpha coefficients for the scale was .94 (Study 2) and .90 (Study 3); and ranged from .82 to .92 (Study 2) and .85 to .88 (Study 3) for the subscales. In conclusion, the results of the psychometric analyses show that the Turkish version of HS is a reliable and valid measurement tool for the studies relevant to this topic.Bu çalışmanın amacı, kadınlık, erkeklik, aile ve ahlaki bütünlük olmak üzere dört onur kodundan oluşan Onur Ölçeği’ni (Rodriguez Mosquera, Manstead ve Fischer, 2002b) kültüre uygun yeni maddeler ekleyerek Türkçe’ye uyarlamak ve oluşan ölçeğin geçerlik ve güvenirlik bulgularını incelemektir. Bu amaçla üç farklı çalışma yapılmıştır. Mevcut kültüre uygun yeni maddeler eklemek amacıyla 1. Çalışma (N = 57; Ort.yaş = 33.46, S = 15.53), yeni maddelerin eklendiği ölçeğin geçerlik ve güvenirliğini test etmek için 2. Çalışma (N = 422; Ort.yaş = 28.84, S = 6.84) yapılmıştır. Ayrıca, bu çalışmadan çıkan sonuçların genellenebilirliğini anlamak amacıyla, sadece orijinal maddelerin kullanıldığı 3. Çalışma (N = 818; Ort.yaş = 21.30, S = 2.15) yapılmıştır. Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi bulguları, üç faktörlü bir yapıya (kadınlık, erkeklik ve ahlaki bütünlük) işaret etmektedir. Ölçeğin iç tutarlık katsayısının ? = .94 (2. Çalışma), ? = .90 (3. Çalışma), ölçeğin alt faktörleri için ? = .82 ve ? = .92 (2. Çalışma) ve ? = .85 ve ? = .88 (3. Çalışma) arasında değiştiği bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, psikometrik özelliklere dair bulgular ölçeğin Türkçe formunun konu ile ilgili yapılacak araştırmalarda kullanılabilecek düzeyde geçerlik ve güvenirliğe sahip olduğunu göstermektedir

Preferred responses when honor is at stake: The role of cultural background, presence of others, and causality orientation

This study examined the factors that are likely to be associated with preferred behavioral and emotional responses to honor threatening situations and possible differences between a dignity culture (U.K.) and an honor culture (TR). We examined the role of cultural background, type of social setting, and participants’ causality orientation in preferred emotional and behavioral responses to honor threatening situations. We first found that Turkish participants reported significantly higher levels of negative emotional response compared to British participants in the false accusation (not humiliation) scenario and in the public (not private) setting. Second, we found that TR participants reported a higher preference for retaliatory responses than did British participants when they imagined themselves being humiliated by one of their peers. Third, autonomy-oriented participants in the Turkish sample reported significantly higher levels of negative feeling (but not higher retaliatory intentions) compared with autonomy-oriented participants in the British sample; whereas controlled-oriented participants in the Turkish sample tended to report lower levels of negative feeling compared with controlled-oriented participants in the British sample. This interaction effect suggests that controlled and autonomy orientations may serve different functions in the Turkish and British settings

Predictors of tolerating violence against women: honor concerns and fundamentalist religious orientation

© 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.The present study examined the role of justification for violence (honor-based vs. non-honor-based conflict), honor concerns (feminine, masculine, family, moral integrity), and fundamentalist religious orientation in predicting tolerance to violence against women (VAW) in an honor culture, Turkey. Six hundred and one Turkish university students (437 female, 164 male; M age = 21.16) participated in the study. Results revealed that (1) participants in the honor-based conflict condition scored higher in tolerance to VAW than participants in the non-honor-based condition, and (2) masculine honor positively, integrity honor negatively mediated the relationship between fundamentalist religious orientation and tolerance to VAW, however it was not moderated by justification for violence. The findings contribute to a limited body of literature that links fundamentalist religious orientation to tolerance to VAW and sheds light on the mediator role of honor concerns

Forgive and forget? Honor-oriented individuals are less forgiving of transgressing peers

Individual differences research on masculine honor has heavily focused on men’s aggressive responses to insults by male strangers, but much less is known whether honor-oriented individuals (men and women) are less forgiving – express more avoidant and vengeful, but less benevolent motivations – towards peers following insults, and their underlying concerns in being less forgiving. Using 200 British participants (dignity group) in Study 1, and 146 British (dignity group) and 178 Turkish (honor group) participants in Study 2, we examined whether (1) masculine honor-oriented individuals are less forgiving of peers after insults, and (2) this association is indirectly explained by concern with avoiding loss of social respect or maintaining personal integrity. Results showed that masculine honor-oriented individuals were less forgiving of insulting peers, which was indirectly explained by concern with losing respect, but not keeping personal integrity. We also report that the presence of a third-party audience did not have an effect on the observed pattern of relationships. These findings expand our understanding of why, despite the many benefits of forgiveness, some individuals may be less willing to forgive people who have hurt them