Azolylborates for Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitor Electrolytes

Asymmetric tetraalkylammonium salts of azolylborates were synthesized and studied with respect to their suitability as supporting electrolytes in electrochemical double layer capacitors. In contrast to current conducting salts used in this device, azolylborates exhibit an excellent stability towards thermal load and moisture. In addition to good conductivity and stability towards cathodic reduction we found certain limitations when more positive potentials were applie

The oxygen-assisted transformation of propane to COx/H2 through combined oxidation and WGS reactions catalyzed by vanadium oxide-based catalysts

This paper reports about the gas-phase oxidation of propane catalyzed by bulk vanadium oxide and by alumina- and silica-supported vanadium oxide. The reaction was studied with the aim of finding conditions at which the formation of H2 and CO2 is preferred over that of CO, H2O and of products of alkane partial oxidation. It was found that with bulk V2O5 considerable amounts of H2 are produced above 400 8C, the temperature at which the limiting reactant, oxygen, is totally consumed. The formation of H2 derived from the combination of: (i) oxidation reactions, with generation of CO, CO2, oxygenates (mainly acetic acid), propylene and H2O, all occurring in the fraction of catalytic bed that operated in the presence of gas-phase oxygen, and (ii) WGS reaction, propane dehydrogenation and coke formation, that instead occurred in the fraction of bed operating under anaerobic conditions. This combination of different reactions in a single catalytic bed was possible because of the reduction of V2O5 to V2O3 at high temperature, in the absence of gas-phase oxygen. In fact, vanadium sesquioxide was found to be an effective catalyst for the WGS, while V2O5 was inactive in this reaction. The same combination of reactions was not possible when vanadium oxide was supported over high-surface area silica or alumina; this was attributed to the fact that in these catalysts vanadium was not reduced below the oxidation state V4+, even under reaction conditions leading to total oxygen conversion. In consequence, these catalysts produced less H2 than bulk vanadium oxide

Rapporto tensore su scalare con gravità indotta: analisi dell’approssimazione di slow-roll nei frames di Jordan e Einstein

L’obbiettivo di questa tesi è quello di analizzare le conseguenze della scelta del frame (Jordan o Einstein) nel calcolo delle proprietà degli spettri primordiali generati dall’inflazione ed in particolare dell’osservabile r (rapporto tensore su scalare) al variare del potenziale del campo che genera l’espansione accelerata. Partendo dalla descrizione della teoria dell’inflazione in relatività generale, focalizzando l’attenzione sui motivi che hanno portato all’introduzione di questa teoria, vengono presentate le tecniche di utilizzo comune per lo studio della dinamica omogenea (classica) inflazionaria e di quella disomogenea (quantistica). Una particolare attenzione viene rivolta ai metodi di approssimazione che è necessario adottare per estrarre predizioni analitiche dai modelli inflazionari per poi confrontarle con le osservazioni. Le tecniche introdotte vengono poi applicate ai modelli di inflazione con gravità indotta, ovvero ad una famiglia di modelli con accoppiamento non minimale tra il campo scalare inflatonico e il settore gravitazionale. Si porrà attenzione alle differenze rispetto ai modelli con accoppiamento minimale, e verrà studiata la dinamica in presenza di alcuni potenziali derivanti dalla teoria delle particelle e diffusi in letteratura. Il concetto di “transizione tra il frame di Jordan e il frame di Einstein” viene illustrato e le sue conseguenze nel calcolo approssimato del rapporto tensore su scalare sono discusse. Infine gli schemi di approssimazione proposti vengono analizzati numericamente. Risulterà che per due dei tre potenziali presentati i metodi di approssimazione sono più accurati nel frame di Einstein, mentre per il terzo potenziale i due frames portano a risultati analitici similmente accurati

Genetic transformation and genomic resources for next-generation precise genome engineering in vegetable crops

In the frame of modern agriculture facing the predicted increase of population and general environmental changes, the securement of high quality food remains a major challenge to deal with. Vegetable crops include a large number of species, characterized by multiple geographical origins, large genetic variability and diverse reproductive features. Due to their nutritional value, they have an important place in human diet. In recent years, many crop genomes have been sequenced permitting the identification of genes and superior alleles associated with desirable traits. Furthermore, innovative biotechnological approaches allow to take a step forward towards the development of new improved cultivars harboring precise genome modifications. Sequence-based knowledge coupled with advanced biotechnologies is supporting the widespread application of new plant breeding techniques to enhance the success in modification and transfer of useful alleles into target varieties. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 system, zinc-finger nucleases, and transcription activator-like effector nucleases represent the main methods available for plant genome engineering through targeted modifications. Such technologies, however, require efficient transformation protocols as well as extensive genomic resources and accurate knowledge before they can be efficiently exploited in practical breeding programs. In this review, we revise the state of the art in relation to availability of such scientific and technological resources in various groups of vegetables, describe genome editing results obtained so far and discuss the implications for future applications

The Population Structure and Diversity of Eggplant from Asia and the Mediterranean Basin.

A collection of 238 eggplant breeding lines, heritage varieties and selections within local landraces provenanced from Asia and the Mediterranean Basin was phenotyped with respect to key plant and fruit traits, and genotyped using 24 microsatellite loci distributed uniformly throughout the genome. STRUCTURE analysis based on the genotypic data identified two major sub-groups, which to a large extent mirrored the provenance of the entries. With the goal to identify true-breeding types, 38 of the entries were discarded on the basis of microsatellite-based residual heterozygosity, along with a further nine which were not phenotypically uniform. The remaining 191 entries were scored for a set of 19 fruit and plant traits in a replicated experimental field trial. The phenotypic data were subjected to principal component and hierarchical principal component analyses, allowing three major morphological groups to be identified. All three morphological groups were represented in both the "Occidental" and the "Oriental" germplasm, so the correlation between the phenotypic and the genotypic data sets was quite weak. The relevance of these results for evolutionary studies and the further improvement of eggplant are discussed. The population structure of the core set of germplasm shows that it can be used as a basis for an association mapping approach

Use of multiple traits genomic prediction, genotype by environment interactions and spatial effect to improve prediction accuracy in yield data

Genomic selection has been extensively implemented in plant breeding schemes. Genomic selection incorporates dense genome-wide markers to predict the breeding values for important traits based on information from genotype and phenotype records on traits of interest in a reference population. To date, most relevant investigations have been performed using single trait genomic prediction models (STGP). However, records for several traits at once are usually documented for breeding lines in commercial breeding programs. By incorporating benefits from genetic characterizations of correlated phenotypes, multiple trait genomic prediction (MTGP) may be a useful tool for improving prediction accuracy in genetic evaluations. The objective of this study was to test whether the use of MTGP and including proper modeling of spatial effects can improve the prediction accuracy of breeding values in commercial barley and wheat breeding lines. We genotyped 1,317 spring barley and 1,325 winter wheat lines from a commercial breeding program with the Illumina 9K barley and 15K wheat SNP-chip (respectively) and phenotyped them across multiple years and locations. Results showed that the MTGP approach increased correlations between future performance and estimated breeding value of yields by 7% in barley and by 57% in wheat relative to using the STGP approach for each trait individually. Analyses combining genomic data, pedigree information, and proper modeling of spatial effects further increased the prediction accuracy by 4% in barley and 3% in wheat relative to the model using genomic relationships only. The prediction accuracy for yield in wheat and barley yield trait breeding, were improved by combining MTGP and spatial effects in the model