Randomized Interventional Study on Prediction of Preeclampsia/Eclampsia in Women With Suspected Preeclampsia: INSPIRE.

The ratio of maternal serum sFlt-1 (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1) to PlGF (placental growth factor) has been used retrospectively to rule out the occurrence of preeclampsia, a pregnancy hypertensive disorder, within 7 days in women presenting with clinical suspicion of preeclampsia. A prospective, interventional, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial evaluated the use of sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in women presenting with suspected preeclampsia. Women were assigned to reveal (sFlt-1/PlGF result known to clinicians) or nonreveal (result unknown) arms. A ratio cutoff of 38 was used to define low (≤38) and elevated risk (>38) of developing the condition in the subsequent week. The primary end point was hospitalization within 24 hours of the test. Secondary end points were development of preeclampsia and other adverse maternal-fetal outcomes. We recruited 370 women (186 reveal versus 184 nonreveal). Preeclampsia occurred in 85 women (23%). The number of admissions was not significantly different between groups (n=48 nonreveal versus n=60 reveal; P=0.192). The reveal trial arm admitted 100% of the cases that developed preeclampsia within 7 days, whereas the nonreveal admitted 83% (P=0.038). Use of the test yielded a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI, 85.8-100) and a negative predictive value of 100% (95% CI, 97.1-100) compared with a sensitivity of 83.3 (95% CI, 58.6-96.4) and negative predictive value of 97.8 (95% CI, 93.7-99.5) with clinical practice alone. Use of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio significantly improved clinical precision without changing the admission rate. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: http://www.isrctn.com. Unique identifier: ISRCTN87470468

Molecular identification of isolates of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex

Background: The Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex is the second most common causal agent of dermatophytosis. It comprises five species-T. mentagrophytes, T. interdigitale, T. erinacei, T quinckeanum, and T. benhamie, as well as nine different genotypes of T. mentagrophytes / T. interdigitale-which are morphologically similar; however, their susceptibility to antifungal agents may differ. For targeted therapy and better prognosis, it is important to identify these species at a molecular level. However, since many hospitals lack molecular methods, the actual aetiology of dermatophytosis caused by this complex remains unknown. Objective: To characterize 55 anthropophilic isolates of the T. mentagrophytes complex recovered from a dermatological centre in Yucatan, Mexico. Material and methods: Fifty-five isolates of the T. mentagrophytes complex were obtained from patients with tinea capitis, tinea pedis, tinea corporis, tinea barbae, and tinea unguium. They were characterized by their colonial and microscopic morphology on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and through the sequencing of a fragment from the region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2. Results: All colonies grown on SDA were white. Forty-six isolates formed colonies with a powdery texture, while nine isolates formed colonies with a velvety texture. The micromorphological features were typical of the T. mentagrophytes complex. The molecular analysis revealed that 55 isolates were microorganisms that belonged to the T. mentagrophytes complex, that 46 formed powdery colonies representing T. mentagrophytes, and that the other nine isolates that formed velvety colonies represented T. interdigitale. The latter nine isolates were obtained from patients with tinea pedis, tinea corporis, and tinea unguium. Conclusions: The colony morphology on SDA led to the identification of 46 isolates as T. mentagrophytes and nine isolates as T. interdigitale. At a molecular level, the species identified by their morphology were identified only as T. mentagrophytes complex

Optical and x-ray diffraction studies on the incorporation of carbon as a dopant in cubic GaN

We performed optical and x-ray diffraction experiments on carbon doped cubic-GaN samples, deposited by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on (001) GaAs substrates, for various carbon concentrations. The samples were studied by Raman, photoluminescence, and photoluminescence excitation spectroscopies. These techniques give some insight into the mechanism of carbon incorporation in the material. Detailed analysis of these spectra leads to a picture in which carbon initially enters into N vacancies producing a marked improvement in the crystalline properties of the material. At higher concentrations it also begins to enter interstitially and form C complexes, with a consequent decrease of crystalline quality. This increase and later decrease of crystalline quality of our samples with the addition of C were also detectable in x-ray diffraction scans. A model calculation of the localized vibrations of the C atom in the GaN lattice allows for the interpretation of a feature in the Raman spectrum of some samples, which reinforces this view.681

Placental Vesicles Carry Active Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and Their Activity is Reduced in Preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia (PE), a multi-system hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, is associated 25 with increased systemic vascular resistance. Placentae from PE patients have 26 reduced levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and thus less nitric oxide 27 (NO). Syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles (STBEV), comprised of microvesicles 28 (STBMV) and exosomes (STBEX), carry signals from the STB to the mother. We 29 hypothesized that STBEV bound eNOS (STBEV-eNOS), capable of producing NO, 30 are released into the maternal circulation. Dual-lobe ex vivo placental perfusion and 31 differential centrifugation was used to isolate STBEV from PE (n=8) and normal 32 pregnancies (NP) (n=11). Plasma samples of gestational age matched PE and NP 33 (n=6) were used to isolate circulating STBMV. STBEV expressed placental alkaline 34 phosphatase (PlAP), confirming placental origin. STBEV co-expressed eNOS, but not 35 iNOS, confirmed using Western blot, flow cytometry and immuno-depletion. STBEV-36 eNOS produced NO which was significantly inhibited by L-NAME (eNOS inhibitor, 37 *p<0.05), but not 1400W (iNOS inhibitor). STBEV-eNOS catalytic activity was 38 confirmed by visualising eNOS dimerization. STBEV-eNOS was more abundant in 39 uterine vein compared to peripheral blood, indicating placental origin. STBEV isolated 40 from PE perfused placentae had lower levels of STBEV-eNOS (STBMV; *p<0.05) and 41 overall lower NO activity (STBMV, ns; STBEX, *p<0.05) compared to NP. Circulating 42 plasma STBMV from PE women had lower STBEV-eNOS expression compared to NP 43 women (**p<0.01). This is the first observation of functional eNOS expressed on 44 STBEV from NP and PE placentae, as well as in plasma. The lower STBEV-eNOS 45 NO production seen in PE may contribute to the decreased NO bioavailability in this 46 disease

Opuntia in México: Identifying Priority Areas for Conserving Biodiversity in a Multi-Use Landscape

BACKGROUND: México is one of the world's centers of species diversity (richness) for Opuntia cacti. Yet, in spite of their economic and ecological importance, Opuntia species remain poorly studied and protected in México. Many of the species are sparsely but widely distributed across the landscape and are subject to a variety of human uses, so devising implementable conservation plans for them presents formidable difficulties. Multi-criteria analysis can be used to design a spatially coherent conservation area network while permitting sustainable human usage. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Species distribution models were created for 60 Opuntia species using MaxEnt. Targets of representation within conservation area networks were assigned at 100% for the geographically rarest species and 10% for the most common ones. Three different conservation plans were developed to represent the species within these networks using total area, shape, and connectivity as relevant criteria. Multi-criteria analysis and a metaheuristic adaptive tabu search algorithm were used to search for optimal solutions. The plans were built on the existing protected areas of México and prioritized additional areas for management for the persistence of Opuntia species. All plans required around one-third of México's total area to be prioritized for attention for Opuntia conservation, underscoring the implausibility of Opuntia conservation through traditional land reservation. Tabu search turned out to be both computationally tractable and easily implementable for search problems of this kind. CONCLUSIONS: Opuntia conservation in México require the management of large areas of land for multiple uses. The multi-criteria analyses identified priority areas and organized them in large contiguous blocks that can be effectively managed. A high level of connectivity was established among the prioritized areas resulting in the enhancement of possible modes of plant dispersal as well as only a small number of blocks that would be recommended for conservation management

Evidence for Reductive Genome Evolution and Lateral Acquisition of Virulence Functions in Two Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Strains

Ruiz JC, D'Afonseca V, Silva A, et al. Evidence for Reductive Genome Evolution and Lateral Acquisition of Virulence Functions in Two Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Strains. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(4): e18551.Background: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, a Gram-positive, facultative intracellular pathogen, is the etiologic agent of the disease known as caseous lymphadenitis (CL). CL mainly affects small ruminants, such as goats and sheep; it also causes infections in humans, though rarely. This species is distributed worldwide, but it has the most serious economic impact in Oceania, Africa and South America. Although C. pseudotuberculosis causes major health and productivity problems for livestock, little is known about the molecular basis of its pathogenicity. Methodology and Findings: We characterized two C. pseudotuberculosis genomes (Cp1002, isolated from goats; and CpC231, isolated from sheep). Analysis of the predicted genomes showed high similarity in genomic architecture, gene content and genetic order. When C. pseudotuberculosis was compared with other Corynebacterium species, it became evident that this pathogenic species has lost numerous genes, resulting in one of the smallest genomes in the genus. Other differences that could be part of the adaptation to pathogenicity include a lower GC content, of about 52%, and a reduced gene repertoire. The C. pseudotuberculosis genome also includes seven putative pathogenicity islands, which contain several classical virulence factors, including genes for fimbrial subunits, adhesion factors, iron uptake and secreted toxins. Additionally, all of the virulence factors in the islands have characteristics that indicate horizontal transfer. Conclusions: These particular genome characteristics of C. pseudotuberculosis, as well as its acquired virulence factors in pathogenicity islands, provide evidence of its lifestyle and of the pathogenicity pathways used by this pathogen in the infection process. All genomes cited in this study are available in the NCBI Genbank database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/) under accession numbers CP001809 and CP001829