Forest connectivity restoration through reforestation: an integrated methodology for prioritizing agricultural lands and selecting reforestation species

Forest connectivity restoration is a major goal in natural resource planning. Given the high amount of abandoned cultivated lands, setting efficient methods for the reforestation of agricultural lands offers a good opportunity to face this issue. However, reforestations must be carefully planned, which poses two main challenges. In first place, to determine those agricultural lands that, once reforested, would meet more effectively the planning goals. As a further step, in order to grant the success of the activity, it is fairly advisable to select those tree species that are more adapted to each particular environment. Here we intend to give response to both requirements by proposing a sequential and integrated methodology that has been implemented in two Spanish forest districts, which are formed by several landscape types that were previously defined and characterized. Using the software Conefor Sensinode, a powerful tool for quantifying habitat availability that is based on graph theory concepts, we determined the landscapes where forest planning should have connectivity as a major concern and, afterwards, we detected the agricultural patches that would contribute most to enhance connectivity if they were reforested. The subsequent reforestation species assessment was performed within these priority patches. Using penalized logistic regressions we fitted ecological niche models for the Spanish native tree species. The models were trained with species distribution data from the Spanish Forest Map and used climatic and lithological variables as predictors. Model predictions were used to build ordered lists of suitable species for each priority patch. The lists include dominant and non dominant tree species and allow adding biodiversity goals to the reforestation planning. The result of this combined methodology is a map of agricultural patches that would contribute most to uphold forest connectivity if they were reforested and a list of suitable tree species for each patch ordered by occurrence probability. Therefore the proposed methodology may be useful for suitable and efficient forest planning and landscape designing

Os acessos à Alhambra: incidência na sua leitura e gestão patrimonial

The Alhambra has always maintained a particular relationship with the city of Granada, due to its configuration as a palatine city enclosed within it that preserved its inhabited character until its from a palatine city as National Monument in the 19th century. There are several aspects dealing with the Alhambra transition to a protected cultural property mainly devoted to the public visit and enjoyment, but one of them it is hardly highlighted: the effect that visitors current entrance to the monument through a non-historical access has had in the Alhambra and its environment’ global understanding. The aim of this paper is therefore to delve into the current interactions between the Monumental Complex and its context deepening in a crucial question: the evolution in the access to the Alhambra and its impact in the monument comprehension, protection and visitors’ hosting. To do so, we first analyse the changes experienced in the access to the Alhambra throughout history, the gradual closing of its historic gates and the opening of two bays in the walled enclosure that are its main current entrances. Second, we assess how these entrances prevent the understanding of the Alhambra as a fortified palatine city which was accessed in the past by several gates connected to the neighbourhoods of Granada, with which they have lost the valuable territorial relationship existing historically. And, third, we focus on the impact that the management and reception of visitors has in the current model of public visit and in the solutions that the Board of the Alhambra has implemented to improve this problematic. The joint analysis of these aspects is the basis to expose some conclusions and proposals that could be explored in the future to identify new alternatives to visit the Alhambra, able to improve its global appreciation and always conflicting relationship with Granada.La Alhambra ha mantenido desde su origen una particular relación con Granada, al configurarse como ciudad palatina dentro de ésta, que no perdió su dimensión habitada hasta su declaración como Monumento Nacional en el siglo XIX. Son varios los aspectos asociados al tránsito de la Alhambra hacia su definitiva caracterización y uso como bien cultural protegido, carente de función urbana y consagrado a la fruición y visita pública. Sin embargo, rara vez se subraya uno de ellos: el efecto que la actual entrada de la mayoría de los visitantes por un acceso no histórico ha tenido en la comprensión global del lugar y su territorio. El objetivo de este artículo es, por lo tanto, reflexionar en torno a las actuales tensiones e interacciones entre el Conjunto Monumental y su contexto, profundizando en una cuestión de gran calado: la evolución en el acceso a la Alhambra y su incidencia en la lectura y comprensión del monumento, su protección y la acogida de visitantes. Para ello se analizan, en primer lugar, los cambios experimentados en los modos de acceder a la Alhambra a lo largo de la historia, el paulatino cierre de sus puertas históricas y la apertura de dos vanos en el recinto amurallado que son los actualmente utilizados mayormente por la visita pública. En segundo lugar, se evalúa como las entradas actuales dificultan la comprensión de la Alhambra como ciudad palatina fortificada a la que se accedía en el pasado por diversas puertas conectadas a distintos barrios de Granada, con los que han perdido la valiosa relación territorial existente históricamente. Y, en tercer lugar, se profundiza en la incidencia que la gestión y acogida de visitantes han tenido y tienen en el actual modelo de visita pública y en las soluciones que el propio Patronato de la Alhambra ha propuesto para mejorar la problemática aquí planteada. El análisis conjunto de estos aspectos es la base para exponer, en el último apartado, algunas conclusiones y propuestas en las que se podría indagar en el futuro para abordar modos alternativos de acceder a la Alhambra que mejoren su comprensión global y siempre conflictiva relación con Granada.A Alhambra vem mantendo, desde sua origem, uma estreita relação com Granada, configurando-se como uma cidade palaciana no interior desta, e sem perder sua dimensão habitada até sua declaração como Monumento Nacional no século XIX. Há diversos fatores relacionados à transformação da Alhambra até sua caracterização definitiva e uso como patrimônio cultural protegido, carente de urbanização e dedicado à fruição e visitação pública. No entanto, um deles raramente é enfatizado: o efeito que a entrada atual da maioria dos visitantes por um acesso não histórico teve sobre a compreensão geral do local e seu território. O objetivo deste artigo é, portanto, refletir sobre as atuais tensões e interações entre o Conjunto Monumental e seu contexto, aprofundando-se em uma questão de grande importância: a evolução no acesso a Alhambra e sua incidência na leitura e compreensão do monumento, bem como sua proteção e a acolhida aos visitantes. Para isso, são analisadas, em primeiro lugar, as mudanças observadas no que diz respeito às formas de acesso ao longo da história, o fechamento gradativo de suas portas históricas e a abertura de dois vãos no recinto amuralhado que, atualmente, são utilizados, principalmente, para visitação pública. Em segundo lugar, avaliam-se como as atuais entradas dificultam a compreensão da Alhambra como uma cidade palaciana fortificada, cujo acesso, no passado, era por diversas portas conectadas a diferentes bairros de Granada, com os quais perdeu a valiosa relação territorial historicamente existente. E, em terceiro lugar, aprofunda-se na incidência que a gestão e recepção de visitantes tiveram e têm no atual modelo de visitação pública e nas soluções que o próprio Patronato da Alhambra propôs para melhorar os problemas aqui levantados. A análise conjunta desses aspectos é a base para expor, na última seção, algumas conclusões e propostas em que se poderia investigar, no futuro, para abordar formas alternativas de acesso que melhorem a sua compreensão global e a sempre conflitante relação com Granada

Estudio de la ansiedad del profesional de enfermeria de cuidados intensivos ante el proceso de la muerte

Objective: Death in Intensive Care Units is a process often witnessed by nurses. Nurses are the group that spends more time with the patient and his or her family, and this spatial and temporal proximity leads to intense emotional reactions that, when not treated and channeled appropriately, end up in situations of anxiety and stress. For this reason, we decided to analyze with specific data the anxiety level of professionals facing this reality.Material and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among ICU nurses in the Complejo Asistencial Universitario of Burgos (CAUB), using Templer’s anxiety scale and a questionnaire with socio-demographic variables. Results: More than 40% of the nurses in the ICU of CAUB showed scores above the values considered as normal anxiety levels. This anxiety is not related to any of the variables studied.Objetivo: La muerte en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) es un proceso que la enfermeras presenciamos frecuentemente. Este colectivo es quien más tiempo pasa con el enfermo y familia, y esta proximidad espacial y temporal conlleva reacciones emocionales que de no ser canalizadas adecuadamente, terminan en situaciones de ansiedad y estrés. Por ello decidimos analizar con datos concretos el grado de ansiedad de los profesionales ante este hecho.Material y método: Estudio descriptivo transversal llevado a cabo entre los profesionales de enfermería de  la UCI del Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Burgos (CAUB), mediante la escala de valoración de ansiedad de Templer y un cuestionario con variables sociodemográficas.Resultados: Un porcentaje mayor del 40% de las enfermeras de la UCI del CAUB superaba los valores considerados normales de ansiedad. Esta ansiedad no se relacionó con ninguna de las variables estudiadas

Coagulación intravascular diseminada como forma de presentación de leucemia aguda promielocítica: evaluación y tratamiento

Presentamos el caso de un varón de 29 años ingresado en nuestro centro por hematuriamacroscópica, coagulopatía y leucotrombopenia. Se estableció el diagnóstico inicial de coagulación intravascular diseminada (CID) aguda. El proceso diagnóstico para definir la causa de la CID confirmó la existencia de una Leucemia Promielocítica Aguda (LPA). La coagulopatía asociada a LPA es compleja, con datos biológicos de CID e hiperfibrinolisis primaria. Esta coagulopatía se asocia con hemorragias y se observa en el momento del diagnóstico, agravándose con la quimioterapia antileucémica. Constituye una emergencia médica, con una mortalidad cercana al 10% si no se maneja de forma adecuada. Actualmente, la LPA se trata con agentes no citotóxicos como el Ácido Transretinoico (ATRA) y el Trióxido de Arsénico (ATO), con una disminución de las tasas de sangrado. Por lo que un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz de la coagulopatía suponen un aumento de la supervivencia en estos pacientes.We present the case of a 29-year-old man admitted to our center for hematuria with coagulopathy, mild leukopenia and moderate thrombopenia. A diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) secondary to Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) was made. Bleeding episodes due to DIC are one of the main causes of mortality at diagnosis in patients with APL. Currently there are lines of treatment with Arsenic Trioxide (ATO) and trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) that have replaced conventional chemotherapy regimens, with a decrease in bleeding rates. Therefore, an early diagnosis and treatment of DIC entails an increase in survival in these patients

Esquizofrenia: Papel de la familia en el proceso de la enfermedad

NUESTRO TRABAJO DE INVESTIGACIÓN ESTÁ BASADO EN LA ESQUIZOFRENIA. CÓMO A TRAVÉS DEL APOYO E IMPLICACIÓN DE LA FAMILIA A TRAVÉS DEL PROGRAMA DE PSICOEDUCACIÓN PARA FAMILIAS, PROGRAMADO POR LA FUNDACIÓN RAMÓN REY ARDID, MEJORAN EN SU EVOLUCIÓN Y EN LA RELACIÓN PACIENTE/FAMILIAR

The concept of death in children aged from 9 to 11 years: Evidences through inductive and deductive analysis of drawings

The objective of the research was to analyze children’s conceptualization of death through drawings, using a mixed approach, which combines deductive and inductive qualitative analysis. The sample consisted of 99 children aged 9–11 years, who were asked to elaborate a drawing about their idea of death and to explain it to the researchers. Drawings were coded basing on Tamm and Granqvist’s model (deductive analysis) and codes and categories were created and modified (inductive analysis). Three main categories were identified in the analysis and four sub-categories were modified and/or created: causes of death, good death, anxiety-fear and symbolization