11 research outputs found
Antifungal rhizosphere bacteria can increase as response to the presence of saprotrophic fungi
Acknowledgments: Funding was provided by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) in the form of a personal Veni grant to A.v.d.W. This is publication number 5923 of the NIOO-KNAW Netherlands Institute of Ecology. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
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Soil bacterial networks are less stable under drought than fungal networks
Soil microbial communities play a crucial role in ecosystem functioning, but it is unknown how co-occurrence networks within these communities respond to disturbances such as climate extremes. This represents an important knowledge gap because changes in microbial networks could have implications for their functioning and vulnerability to future disturbances. Here, we show in grassland mesocosms that drought promotes destabilising properties in soil bacterial, but not fungal, co-occurrence networks, and that changes in bacterial communities link more strongly to soil functioning during recovery than do changes in fungal communities. Moreover, we reveal that drought has a prolonged effect on bacterial communities and their co-occurrence networks via changes in vegetation composition and resultant reductions in soil moisture. Our results provide new insight in the mechanisms through which drought alters soil microbial communities with potential long-term consequences, including future plant community composition and the ability of aboveground and belowground communities to withstand future disturbances
Pictures of the experimental set-up of sand microcosms with <i>Carex arenaria</i> (sand sedge) plants.
<p>Pictures of the experimental set-up of sand microcosms with <i>Carex arenaria</i> (sand sedge) plants.</p
Schematic illustration of possible stimulation of biocontrol of soil-borne pathogenic fungi by increase of saprotrophic fungi.
<p>Organic amendments and/or other measures that stimulate growth of saprotrophic fungi can result in an increase of uptake of rhizodeposits by these fungi and, consequently, in an increase of competitive fungal pressure towards rhizosphere bacteria. As a result bacteria that are antagonistic against fungi will increase and several of these bacteria may also be antagonistic against soil-borne pathogenic fungi and form a natural barrier against fungal diseases. An advantage over introduction of antifungal biocontrol strains is that the fungus-induced stimulation occurs <i>in situ</i> with indigenous soil bacteria that are adapted to the local environmental conditions.</p
Percentage of rhizosphere bacterial isolates positive for different enzyme activities.
<p>Bacterial isolates were obtained from root-adhering soil after 6 weeks of growth of <i>Carex arenaria</i> seedlings in quartz sand microcosms. * indicates significant difference (p < 0.05) between microcosms with and without pre-inoculation of fungi. Note that experiment 1 and 2 started with different bacterial inoculums as indicated in Material & Methods. Data are the averages of three randomly selected sand microcosms. Error bars represent standard deviation. For each microcosm 40 bacterial isolates were individually screened for the different enzyme activities.</p
Bacterial numbers and fungal biomass (ergosterol) after 6 weeks of growth of <i>Carex arenaria</i> seedlings in quartz sand microcosms.
<p>1A: Number of bacterial colony forming units in the <i>Carex</i> rhizosphere (root-adhering sand); * indicates significant difference (p < 0.05) between microcosms with and without (control) the presence of inoculated fungi, # indicates p = 0.052 for Log-transformed data. 1B: Ergosterol concentrations. r indicates rhizophere sand (sand adhering to <i>Carex</i> roots), nr indicates sand remaining after removal of <i>Carex</i> roots. * indicates significant difference (p < 0.05) within fungal treatments between root-adhering and non-root-adhering sand. Data for both figures are the averages of 5 or 6 sand microcosms. Error bars represent standard deviation.</p
Percentage of rhizosphere bacteria isolates with <i>in vitro</i> antagonistic activity against different fungi.
<p>Bacterial isolates were obtained from root-adhering soil after 6 weeks of growth of <i>Carex arenaria</i> seedlings in quartz sand microcosms. * indicates significant difference (p < 0.05) between microcosms with and without pre-inoculation of fungi, for the ANOVA test of data of the white column in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0137988#pone.0137988.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3B</a> Log transformation was applied; # indicates p = 0.072. Note that experiment 1 and 2 started with different bacterial inoculums a as indicated in Material & Methods. Data are the averages of three randomly selected sand microcosms. Error bars represent standard deviation. For each microcosm 40 bacterial isolates were individually screened for in vitro antagonisms against the different fungi.</p
Dual ontogeny of disease-associated microglia and disease inflammatory macrophages in aging and neurodegeneration
OTU tables and metadata belonging to De Vries et al. 2018
OTU tables and metadata for De Vries et al. 2018. See the paper for detailed description of experimental set up. See Readme.txt for a description of all variables