The Great Migration and Educational Opportunity

This paper studies the impact of the First Great Migration on children. We use the complete-count 1940 Census to estimate selection-corrected place effects on education for children of Black migrants. On average, Black children gained 0.8 years of schooling (12 percent) by moving from the South to the North. Many counties that had the strongest positive impacts on children during the 1940s offer relatively poor opportunities for Black youth today. Opportunities for Black children were greater in places with more schooling investment, stronger labor market opportunities for Black adults, more social capital, and less crime

Thoracopagus Conjoined Twins: A Case Report

Objective. Conjoined twin is a rarely seen congenital anomaly together with severe mortality and morbidity. The more common types of conjoined twins include the thoracopagus type, where the fusion is anterior, at the chest, and involves the heart. We are reporting one case of conjoined thoracopagus twins diagnosed by ultrasonography at 11 weeks. Case Report. In a multigravid pregnant woman who has been admitted to our clinic with a diagnosis of conjoined twins, thoracopagus, by ultrasonography at an 11-week gestation, termination of the pregnancy was performed. Conclusion. Making an early diagnosis with ultrasonographic examination gives the parents a chance to elect pregnancy termination

Mechanochemistry for the Sustainable Synthesis of Organic Hole Transport Materials in Perovskite Solar Cells

Mechanochemical coupling reactions are typically single-site events that are thermally driven, require an inert atmosphere, and are kinetically slow under ball milling conditions. Here, we demonstrate the rapid 4-fold single-pot mechanochemical C–N coupling of tetrabromopyrene and phenothiazine leading to a novel pyrene-phenothiazine (PYR–PTZ) molecule that is shown to be an effective hole-transport material (HTM) in a perovskite solar cell (PSC). When compared to previously reported mechanochemical C–N coupling reactions, the mechanosynthesis of PYR–PTZ is achieved in just 99 min of ball-milling under ambient conditions without a glovebox or the need for external heating. This represents an advance over previous methods for the synthesis of HTMs and opens new avenues for exploring the discovery of other organic HTMs for PSC applications. The photophysics, crystal structure, and electron transport properties of the novel HTM have been characterized using a combination of experimental and density functional theory methods. In an encapsulated PSC, the photoconversion efficiency of PYR–PTZ is comparable to that of the widely used spiro-MeOTAD molecule, but the stability of PYR–PTZ is superior in a naked PSC after 4 weeks. This work demonstrates the value of mechanochemistry in the sustainable synthesis of new organic HTMs at significantly reduced costs, opening up new opportunities for mechanochemistry in optoelectronics

Natalizumab, Fingolimod and Dimethyl Fumarate Use and Pregnancy-Related Relapse and Disability in Women With Multiple Sclerosis

To investigate pregnancy-related disease activity in a contemporary multiple sclerosis (MS) cohort

Country, Sex, EDSS Change and Therapy Choice Independently Predict Treatment Discontinuation in Multiple Sclerosis and Clinically Isolated Syndrome

We conducted a prospective study, MSBASIS, to assess factors leading to first treatment discontinuation in patients with a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The MSBASIS Study, conducted by MSBase Study Group members, enrols patients seen from CIS onset, reporting baseline demographics, cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores. Follow-up visits report relapses, EDSS scores, and the start and end dates of MS-specific therapies. We performed a multivariable survival analysis to determine factors within this dataset that predict first treatment discontinuation. A total of 2314 CIS patients from 44 centres were followed for a median of 2.7 years, during which time 1247 commenced immunomodulatory drug (IMD) treatment. Ninety percent initiated IMD after a diagnosis of MS was confirmed, and 10% while still in CIS status. Over 40% of these patients stopped their first IMD during the observation period. Females were more likely to cease medication than males (HR 1.36, p = 0.003). Patients treated in Australia were twice as likely to cease their first IMD than patients treated in Spain (HR 1.98, p = 0.001). Increasing EDSS was associated with higher rate of IMD cessation (HR 1.21 per EDSS unit, p<0.001), and intramuscular interferon-β-1a (HR 1.38, p = 0.028) and subcutaneous interferon-β-1a (HR 1.45, p = 0.012) had higher rates of discontinuation than glatiramer acetate, although this varied widely in different countries. Onset cerebral MRI features, age, time to treatment initiation or relapse on treatment were not associated with IMD cessation. In this multivariable survival analysis, female sex, country of residence, EDSS change and IMD choice independently predicted time to first IMD cessation

External validation of a clinical prediction model in multiple sclerosis

Background: Timely initiation of disease modifying therapy is crucial for managing multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: We aimed to validate a previously published predictive model of individual treatment response using a non-overlapping cohort from the Middle East. Methods: We interrogated the MSBase registry for patients who were not included in the initial model development. These patients had relapsing MS or clinically isolated syndrome, a recorded date of disease onset, disability and dates of disease modifying therapy, with sufficient follow-up pre- and post-baseline. Baseline was the visit at which a new disease modifying therapy was initiated, and which served as the start of the predicted period. The original models were used to translate clinical information into three principal components and to predict probability of relapses, disability worsening or improvement, conversion to secondary progressive MS and treatment discontinuation as well as changes in the area under disability-time curve (ΔAUC). Prediction accuracy was assessed using the criteria published previously. Results: The models performed well for predicting the risk of disability worsening and improvement (accuracy: 81%–96%) and performed moderately well for predicting the risk of relapses (accuracy: 73%–91%). The predictions for ΔAUC and risk of treatment discontinuation were suboptimal (accuracy < 44%). Accuracy for predicting the risk of conversion to secondary progressive MS ranged from 50% to 98%. Conclusion: The previously published models are generalisable to patients with a broad range of baseline characteristics in different geographic regions. © The Author(s), 2022

Isoselenocarbonyl complexes

The salt elimination reactions of [NEt4][Mo(CSe)(CO)2(Tp*)] ([NEt4][2], Tp* = hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)borate) with a range of metal halide complexes (ClMLn) have been investigated as a possible route to isoselenocarbonyl complexes [Mo(CSeMLn)(CO)2(Tp*)]. Thus the reactions of [NEt4][2] with [RuCl(L)2(η-C5R5)] provide molybdenum–ruthenium derivatives [Mo{CSeRu(L)2(η-C5R5)}(CO)2(Tp*)] (L = PPh3, R = H 4, L = CO, R = Me 5), both of which were structurally characterised. The molybdenum–iron derivative [Mo{CSeFe(CO)2(η-C5H5)}(CO)2(Tp*)] (6) was obtained from [NEt4][2] and [FeCl(CO)2(η-C5H5)] however its formulation currently rests on spectroscopic and microanalytical data. The reaction of [NEt4][2] with [RuH(NCMe)(CO)2(PPh3)2]PF6 affords the structurally characterised hydrido-isoselenocarbonyl complex [Mo{CSeRuH(CO)2(PPh3)2}(CO)2(Tp*)] (7) with no indication of coupling of the hydride and selenocarbonyl ligand.This work was supported by the Australian Research Council (DP110101611 and DP170102695)