The distribution of the andalusian press in Spain under the reign of Charles IV

La prensa andaluza se desarrolló principalmente durante el reinado de Carlos IV (1789-1808), más precisamente, cuando desapareció la Real orden de febrero de 1791. Los publicistas, deseosos de difundir su periódico a un público que fuese el más amplio posible gracias al sistema de la suscripción, no dudaron en apoyarse en los anuncios de librería para dar a conocer su cabecera o, gracias a los diferentes «Avisos» o «Advertencias», en recordar a sus suscriptores que tenían que renovar su suscripción. Así, mediante el estudio de esos dos tipos de publicidades, que generalmente constaban de los lugares de suscripción y venta, este artículo estudia cuál fue la difusión de la prensa andaluza por toda la península, así como las redes de difusión que se establecieron entre los publicistas andaluces y los de las demás provincias para que su publicación tuviera la más amplia generalización.The Andalusian press mainly developed under the reign of Charles (1789-1808); more exactly when the royal order of February 24th 1791 came to an end. The journalists wanted to distribute their periodicals as broadly as possible thanks to a subscription system. They therefore relied on adverts published in bookshops to get their periodical known. They also used notices or forewords to remind the subscribers to extend their subscriptions. Thanks to the study of these two types of adverts, which usually said where to subscribe to and where to buy the periodicals, this article analyses the circulation of the Andalusian press in the peninsula and the circulation networks established between the Andalusian journalists and those from other provinces to make their periodical be distributed as widely as possible

Immune status in sepsis: the bug, the site of infection and the severity can make the difference

Studying a large number of patients with sepsis, the Hellenic sepsis study group led by Evangello Giamarellos-Bourboulis emphasizes that the nature of the bacterial infection, its origin (community or nosocomial), its site, and its severity exert different pressures on the immune system. Their study illustrates the heterogeneity of patients with sepsis and points out that numerous key parameters of severe infection influence immune status

Is boosting the immune system in sepsis appropriate?

A relative immunosuppression is observed in patients after sepsis, trauma, burns, or any severe insults. It is currently proposed that selected patients will benefit from treatment aimed at boosting their immune systems. However, the host immune response needs to be considered in context with pathogen-type, timing, and mainly tissue specificity. Indeed, the immune status of leukocytes is not universally decreased and their activated status in tissues contributes to organ failure. Accordingly, any new immune-stimulatory therapeutic intervention should take into consideration potentially deleterious effects in some situations

Regulation by anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, TGFβ)of interleukin-8 production by LPS- and/ or TNFα-activated human polymorphonuclear cells

The capacity to down-regulate the production of IL-8 by LPS-activated human polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) has been demonstrated for IL-4, IL-10, and TGFβ. We compared their relative capacities and further extended this property to IL-13. We report a great heterogeneity among individuals related to the responsiveness of PMN to the IL-4 and IL-13 inhibitory effects while their response to the IL-10 effect was homogenous. The inhibitory activities were observed at the transcriptional level. IL-8 induction by TNFα was, unlike its induction by LPS, resistant to the inhibitory effects of IL-10, IL-4, IL-13 and TGFβ. Furthermore, IL-10 and IL-4 inhibitory activity were less effective when TNFα was acting synergistically with LPS to induce IL-8 production by PMN. LPS-induced cell-associated IL-8, detected in the PMN cultures, could be marginally inhibited by IL-4 and IL-10. Altogether, our data demonstrate that IL-13 is able to inhibit LPS-induced IL-8 production by human PMN, although IL-10 remains the most active anti-inflammatory cytokine. Despite the capacity of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 to limit the production of TNFα-induced IL-8 in a whole blood assay, none was able to inhibit this production when studying isolated human polymorphonuclear cells

Regularity in the research output of individual scientists: An empirical analysis by recent bibliometric tools

This paper proposes an empirical analysis of several scientists based on their time regularity, defined as the ability of generating an active and stable research output over time, in terms of both quantity/publications and impact/citations. In particular, we empirically analyse three recent bibliometric tools to perform qualitative/quantitative evaluations under the new perspective of regularity. These tools are respectively (1) the PY/CY diagram, (2) the publication/citation Ferrers diagram and triad indicators, and (3) a year-by-year comparison of the scientists' output (Borda's ranking). Results of the regularity analysis are then compared with those obtained under the classical perspective of overall production. The proposed evaluation tools can be applied to competitive examinations for research position/promotion, as complementary instruments to the commonly adopted bibliometric technique