Optimasi Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Jakalin dari Biji Nangka

Telah diisolasi jakalin dari biji nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus) menggunakan metode kromatografi afinitas dengan matriks guar gum yang telah dipaut silang dengan epiklorohidrin, isolasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan pengelusi D-galaktosa. Hasil karakterisasi jakalin menggunakan SDS-PAGE menunjukkan bahwa jakalin memiliki dua pita dengan bobot molekul 14,1 dan 15,5 kDa, antar subunitnya tidak dihubungkan dengan ikatan disulfida. Jakalin yang diisolasi memiliki kemampuan mengaglutinasi eritrosit, kemampuan hemaglutinasi jakalin tidak berkurang setelah diinkubasi pada suhu 20oC dan 30oC, tetapi setelah inkubasi pada suhu 40oC, 50oC, 60oC, 70oC, aktivitasnya turun masing-masing 75%, 87,5%, 93,75% dan 98,4%. Kemampuan hemaglutinasi jakalin tidak berkurang setelah diinkubasi pada pH 5, 6, dan 7, tetapi aktivitasnya turun 75% setelah inkubasi pada pH 2, 3, 4, dan 8, serta turun 96,9% pada pH 9 dan 10. Kemampuan hemaglutinasi jakalin dihambat oleh D-galaktosa dengan kemampuan inhibisi hemaglutinasi sebesar 6,25 mM, aktivitas hemaglutinasi jakalin tidak dihambat oleh D-manosa, D-glukosa, fruktosa, laktosa, arabinosa, maltosa, dan manitol. Diperoleh jakalin dengan perolehan rata-rata sebesar 0,32% b/b dari serbuk kering biji nangka.Kata kunci: Jakalin, lektin, Artocarpus heterophyllus, D-galaktosa.Jacalin from jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) had been isolated using affinity chromatography method with epichlorohydrin crosslinked guar gum as the matrix, isolation carried out using D-galactose as the eluen. Characterizationjacalin using SDS-PAGE showed that jacalin has two bands with molecular weights 14.1 and 15.5 kDa, intersubunit not connected with disulfide bonds. Jacalin isolates have the ability to haemagglutination erythrocytes, haemagglutination activity of jacalin maintained after incubation at 20oC and 30oC, but the activity decreased at 40, 50, 60, and 70 oC of incubation, which were 75%, 87.5%, 93.75% and 98.4% , respectively. Jacalin hemagglutination ability is not reduced after incubation at pH 5, 6, and 7, but the activity down 75% after incubation at pH 2, 3, 4, and 8, and down 96.9% at pH 9 and 10. The haemagglutination activity of jacalin was inhibited by D-galactose with the capacity inhibition value was 6.25 mM, but it was not inhibited by D-manose, D-glucose, fructose, lactose, arabinose, maltose, and manitol. Average recovery of jacalin is 0.32% w/w of jackfruit dry powder.Keywords: Jacalin, lectin, Artocarpus heterophyllus, D-galactose

Deep Learning for Pothole Detection on Indonesian Roadways

Accidents are common on Indonesian roadways. Accidents are caused by vehicles, motorcycles, and public transportation. Road fatalities are caused by speeding, alcohol, distraction, fatigue, and poor road conditions. There are numerous car accidents on Indonesian roadways. 30% of Indonesian traffic incidents are explained by road infrastructure and environmental conditions, 61% by driver skill and personality, and 9% by vehicle variables such as vehicle standardization. Cars are damaged, immobilized, and crashed as a result of road conditions. Every hour, three people pass away in traffic in Indonesia, according to authorities. According to the BPS's 2021 Land Transportation Statistics report, 31.91 percent of Indonesia's roads were damaged, totaling 174,298 kilometers. Accidents among Indonesian motorists are becoming more common as roads deteriorate. Using a single camera, a deep learning algorithm can recognize and detect road degradation such as potholes and road cracks. Train and process the model using transfer learning and fine-tuning on the Nano YOLOv5 model architecture. After being validated in three major scenarios, the model performs well with the appropriate confidence level. The precision metric for the model is 0.8, while recall and mAP:0.5 are both 0.5

Serotype- and strain- dependent contribution of the sensor kinase CovS of the CovRS two-component system to Streptococcus pyogenes pathogenesis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The <it>Streptococcus pyogenes </it>(group A streptococci, GAS) two-component signal transduction system CovRS has been described to be important for pathogenesis of this exclusively human bacterial species. If this system acts uniquely in all serotypes is currently unclear. Presence of serotype- or strain-dependent regulatory circuits and polarity is an emerging scheme in <it>Streptococcus pyogenes </it>pathogenesis. Thus, the contribution of the sensor kinase (CovS) of the global regulatory two-component signal transduction system CovRS on pathogenesis of several M serotypes was investigated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>CovS mutation uniformly repressed capsule expression and hampered keratinocyte adherence in all tested serotypes. However, a serotype- and even strain-dependent contribution on survival in whole human blood and biofilm formation was noted, respectively.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These data provide new information on the action of the CovS sensor kinase and revealed that its activity on capsule expression and keratinocyte adherence is uniform across serotypes, whereas the influence on biofilm formation and blood survival is serotype or even strain dependent. This adds the CovRS system to a growing list of serotype-specific acting regulatory loci in <it>S. pyogenes</it>.</p

A Mini Review on Analysis of Potential Antibacterial Activity of Symbiotic Bacteria from Indonesian Freshwater Sponge: An Unexplored and A Hidden Potency

Marine sponges have been investigated as potential bioresources because of their symbiotic relationship with microbes such as Actinobacteria that produce antibacterial substances. In contrast, a group of sponges, that inhabits freshwater environments called freshwater sponges (Order Spongillida Manconi & Pronzato, 2002) and consists of only one percent among all of the sponges’ species (Phylum Porifera Grant, 1836), has  not yet intensively examined.  For this reason, we screened, determined, evaluated, and reviewed by examining several databases in Scopus, Pub Med, and Google Scholar related to potential aspects of symbiotic bacteria and their antibacterial substances that can be further utilised  and developed into synthesised  antibacterial compounds, based on published metagenomic data of symbiotic bacteria in freshwater sponges. At the same time, we compared a composition of those freshwater symbionts to marine sponges’ symbionts whether those possess a similar composition or not. Moreover, a current report and a revisit study of freshwater sponges in East Java, initiate further direction on mapping of those symbiotic bacteria from Indonesia that can be nominated as potential groups possessing antibacterial properties.

Revisit Study of Freshwater Sponges Eunapius carteri (Bowerbank, 1863) and a New Record of Oncosclera asiatica Manconi and Ruengsawang, 2012 (Porifera: Spongillida) in Porong River, East Java, Indonesia

Distribution of freshwater sponges (Porifera: Spongillida) in Indonesia is currently insufficiently reported and underestimated compared to marine sponges. An inventory study on freshwater sponges in East Java after Indonesian independence in 1945 is yet to be carried out. For this reason, we reported new records of two freshwater species, Eunapius carteri (Bowerbank, 1863) and Oncosclera asiatica (Manconi and Ruengsawang, 2012) in Porong river, East Java, Indonesia. E. carteri species was originally described in Mumbai, India and its presence in Java was reported in 1927, 1928, and 1930. DNA barcoding and molecular phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial COI was able to successfully identify our specimens as E. carteri, while analysis using the nuclear ITS markers placed our samples with other Eunapius species. Furthermore, in this study we report for the first time in East Java, Indonesia, the presence of O. asiatica. The O. asiatica species was originally described from Pong River located in Lower Mekong, Thailand. We concluded our specimens to be O. asiatica based on the morphology, skeleton, and spicule composition of the specimens that were similar to the samples recorded in Thailand. We were only successful in obtaining the COI sequence of O. asiatica. Furthermore, our samples did not group to the publicly available sequence of its congener, namely Oncosclera sp. Therefore, further molecular taxonomy and morphological analysis is needed to explore the diversity of freshwater sponges in general and to conduct species delimitation of E. carteri and O. asiatica in Java, Indonesia, and Asi

Improvement of Plasmid Volumetric Yield by Addition of Glycerol and Phosphate Buffer in Escherichia coli TOP10 Batch Culture

The investigation of mRNA development has gained substantial interest, particularly in the ex vivo and in vivo therapy. mRNA is widely used for the development of gene editing-based therapies and mRNA vaccines. The aim of this study was to optimize the medium and harvest time to increase plasmid DNA production as part of mRNA production. This study modified used a medium modification approach to achieve high density culture of Escherichia coli TOP10 pGEMT-N in batch cultivation method. Various media formulations were assessed, including LB; LB with phosphate buffer (K2HPO4 12.549 g/L and KH2PO4 2.31 g/L); LB with glycerol (50 g/L); LB with glycerol and phosphate buffer; LB with phosphate buffer, glycerol, glucose (15 g/L), and galactose (15 g/L). The effect of additional carbon sources and phosphate buffer on culture density was measured through OD600 and wet cell weight analysis. The highest OD600 and wet cell weight was observed when LB with glycerol and phosphate buffer was used, with OD600 of 4.78±0.14 and wet cell weight of 36.00±0.63 mg/ml. Plasmid DNA was subsequently isolated from these cultures following 5- and 7.5-hour incubation periods. The utilization of LB medium with glycerol and phosphate buffer resulted in a substantial increase in the volumetric concentration of plasmid DNA of 1,516.97±385.00 ng/ml after 5 hours of incubation. In conclusion, a remarkable enhancement in plasmid DNA volumetric yield within 5 hours was achieved by addition of glycerol and phosphate buffer to LB medium, leading to incubation period

Penerapan Metode Analitical Hierarchy Process Dalam Pemilihan Lokasi Perkebunan Hortikultura di PT. Anugerah Asteriafarm Hortimex

PT. Anugrah Asteriafarm Hortimex adalah perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang perkebunan hortikultura. Pada saat ini perusahaan memutuskan untuk melakukan ekspansi usaha dengan membuka lahan perkebunan hortikultura baru di wilayah Jawa Barat dan Jawa Timur. Dalam rangka pembukaan perkebunan hortikultura baru ini, akan ditentukan alternatif lokasi yang strategis dengan memperhatikan faktor atau kriteria yang akan berpengaruh terhadap pengambilan keputusan pembukaan lahan perkebunan hortikultura. Alternatif lokasi yang akan dipilih adalah Desa Cisaroni, Desa Pasiripis, Desa Leweung Oatar dan Desa Cikanyere yang terletak di wilayah Jawa Barat, dan Desa Pancur, Desa Sumberbaru dan Desa Klabang yang terletak di wilayah Jawa Timur. Kriteria dan sub criteria ini bukan hanya satu, akan tetapi bersifat majemuk yang meliputi faktor subyektif dan obyektif, sehingga diperlukan analisa yang mendalam untuk menentukan bobot atau derajat kepentingannya. Dengan demikian, nantinya akan diperoleh suatu keputusan yang tepat sesuai dengan kondisi yang sebenarnya, sehingga investasi menjadi optimal dan pembukaan perkebunan hortikultura tersebut dapat memberikan tingkat profit yang optimal pula. Berdasarkan karakteristik permasalahan di atas, dilakukan studi literatur tentang metode yang mampu membantu pemecahan masalah. Karakteristik metode yang diperlukan adalah sebagai berikut: mampu memecahkan masalah yang kompleks dan berkriteria majemuk, mampu menghasilkan model yang terstruktur, mampu menghasilkan pembobotan yang didapat dari pendapat para ahli (expert) perusahaan dan subyektifitas responden. Dari studi literatur, diperoleh suatu metode pemecahan masalah kriteria majemuk yang cocok dengan karakteristik permasalahan yang dihadapi, yaitu Analytiool Hierarchy Process (AHP). Titik berat AHP adalah pada pengambilan keputusan atas suatu masalah dengan melakukan pembobotan dan penilaian terhadap kriteria kriteria permasalahan. Untuk penyusunan hirarki pemilihan lokasi perkebunan hortikultura, dilakukan pengumpulan data tentang kriteria apa saja yang perlu dipertimbangkan dalam pemilihan lokasi perkebunan hortikultura. Kriteria dan sub-kriteria untuk masing masing altematif lokasi, beserta pembobotan struktur hirarki didapatkan dari pihak pimpinan perusahaan. Setelah itu kriteria-kriteria beserta sub-kriterianya distrukturkan dalam bentuk hirarki keputusan yang akan dipergunakan dalam penentuan lokasi perkebunan hortikultura. Pengolahan data dimulai dengan menghitung rata-rata geometris dari seluruh data matriks perbandingan. Proses perhitungan bobot ini dibantu oleh Software 'Expert Choice ver 8.01', kemudian dilakukan pengujian konsistensi untuk matriks perbandingan dan hirarki yang dibantu oleh software. Setelah bobot dan nilai konsistensi diperoleh, dilakukan penilaian performa untuk masing-masing alternative lokasi untuk menghasilkan prioritas lokasi terpilih, dengan cara mengalikan bobot relatif dengan nilai indeks. Nilai indeks ini dihitung dengan menggunakan data kuantitatif dan kualitatif kriteria lokasi perkebunan hortikultura, yang nilainya berkisar dari nol sampai dengan satu. Semakin besar nilai indeks akan semakin baik dan tentunya semakin memperbesar nilai performa untuk suatu rute. Nilai performa terbesar menjadi pilihan optimal lokasi perkebunan hortikultura. Dengan melihat hasil perhitungan nilai performa untuk ketujuh altematif lokasi dan analisa sensitivitas, maka lokasi Desa Leweung Datar dengan nilai performa terbesar adalah lokasi terpilih

Effekte physiologischer Streptokokken der Mundhöhle und ausgewählter probiotischer Bakterien auf das pathogene Bakterium Streptococcus pyogenes: Überleben, Biofilme, molekulare Funktionen und Virulenz-Eigenschaften

Human pathogen S. pyogenes has to pass layers of resident microflora to gain access to its final target, the epithelial cells of upper respiratory tract. Interactions between different S. pyogenes wt strains, selected oral bacteria and E. coli Nissle shown that E. coli Nissle can inhibit S. pyogenes growth by direct contact. The transient microflora E. faecalis can interfere S. pyogenes hemolytic capacity through its excreted substance. S. pyogenes can establish itself as a member of mixed species biofilms with S. oralis, the resident oropharyngeal microflora. S. salivarius acts as probiotic by suppressing S. pyogenes growth and growing as protective biofilms on top of the eukaryotic target cells.Humanpathogen S. pyogenes muss Schichten der Residentmikroflora passieren, um auf den epithelischen Zellen der oberen Atemwege zu zugreiffen. Interaktionen zwischen verschiedenem S. pyogenes Wt Stämme, ausgewählte mündliche Bakterien und E. coli Nissle zeigt dass, E. coli Nissle S. pyogenes Wachstum durch direkte Kontakt hemmen kann. Die transient Mikroflora, E. faecalis, kann durch sekretierte Substanz die S. pyogenes hämolytische Aktivität stören. S. pyogenes kann sich als ein Teil von Mehrspeziesbiofilmen mit S. oralis, der oropharyngeal Residentmikroflora, etablieren. S. salivarius, das probiotisch wirkt, hemmt S. pyogenes Wachstum und bildet schützende Biofilme auf den eukaryotischen Zellen

Peptide derived C. striata albumin as a natural angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor

As one of the most popular sources for fish albumin, Channa striata has been considered as a promising substitute for human albumin. However, scientific information regarding its genomic and proteomic is very limited, making its identification rather complicated. In this study, we aimed to isolate, characterize, and examine the bioactivity of protein and peptide derivatives of C. striata albumin. Fractionation of albumin from C. striata extract was conducted using Cohn Process and the yield was evaluated. The peptides were further produced by enzymatic hydrolysis. All these proteins were studied using tricine-SDS PAGE and tested for in vitro ACE inhibition. Dry weights of the Fraction-5, where the albumin was more abundant and purer, was 3.8 ± 2.1%. Based on tricine-SDS PAGE analysis, two bands of protein, e.g., approximately 10 and 13 kDa, were detected with highest intensity found in Fraction-5, which might be albumin of C. striata. An increasing trend of ACE inhibition by the fractions was observed, ranging from 7.09 to 22.99%. The highest ACEI activity was found in peptides from alcalase hydrolysis with molecular size <3 kDa (56.65 ± 2.32%, IC50 36.93 μg/mL). This value was also statistically significant compared with the non-hydrolyzed Fraction-5 and Parental Fraction, which were 23.48 ± 3.11% (P < 0.05) and 13.02 ± 0.68% (P < 0.01), respectively. Taken together, these findings suggest a promising potential of peptide-derived C. striata albumin for natural antihypertensive agents