A heuristic approach for the computation of individual trajectories of a fleet of robots under connectivity constraints

International audienc

Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to complex patterns of disease and injury burden over time and across age groups, sexes, and locations. The availability of disease burden estimates can promote evidence-based interventions that enable public health researchers, policy makers, and other professionals to implement strategies that can mitigate diseases. It can also facilitate more rigorous monitoring of progress towards national and international health targets, such as the Sustainable Development Goals. For three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has filled that need. A global network of collaborators contributed to the production of GBD 2021 by providing, reviewing, and analysing all available data. GBD estimates are updated routinely with additional data and refined analytical methods. GBD 2021 presents, for the first time, estimates of health loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The GBD 2021 disease and injury burden analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries using 100 983 data sources. Data were extracted from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, censuses, household surveys, disease-specific registries, health service contact data, and other sources. YLDs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific prevalence of sequelae by their respective disability weights, for each disease and injury. YLLs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age that death occurred. DALYs were calculated by summing YLDs and YLLs. HALE estimates were produced using YLDs per capita and age-specific mortality rates by location, age, sex, year, and cause. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws. Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Counts and age-standardised rates were calculated globally, for seven super-regions, 21 regions, 204 countries and territories (including 21 countries with subnational locations), and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Here we report data for 2010 to 2021 to highlight trends in disease burden over the past decade and through the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: Global DALYs increased from 2·63 billion (95% UI 2·44–2·85) in 2010 to 2·88 billion (2·64–3·15) in 2021 for all causes combined. Much of this increase in the number of DALYs was due to population growth and ageing, as indicated by a decrease in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates of 14·2% (95% UI 10·7–17·3) between 2010 and 2019. Notably, however, this decrease in rates reversed during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, with increases in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates since 2019 of 4·1% (1·8–6·3) in 2020 and 7·2% (4·7–10·0) in 2021. In 2021, COVID-19 was the leading cause of DALYs globally (212·0 million [198·0–234·5] DALYs), followed by ischaemic heart disease (188·3 million [176·7–198·3]), neonatal disorders (186·3 million [162·3–214·9]), and stroke (160·4 million [148·0–171·7]). However, notable health gains were seen among other leading communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases. Globally between 2010 and 2021, the age-standardised DALY rates for HIV/AIDS decreased by 47·8% (43·3–51·7) and for diarrhoeal diseases decreased by 47·0% (39·9–52·9). Non-communicable diseases contributed 1·73 billion (95% UI 1·54–1·94) DALYs in 2021, with a decrease in age-standardised DALY rates since 2010 of 6·4% (95% UI 3·5–9·5). Between 2010 and 2021, among the 25 leading Level 3 causes, age-standardised DALY rates increased most substantially for anxiety disorders (16·7% [14·0–19·8]), depressive disorders (16·4% [11·9–21·3]), and diabetes (14·0% [10·0–17·4]). Age-standardised DALY rates due to injuries decreased globally by 24·0% (20·7–27·2) between 2010 and 2021, although improvements were not uniform across locations, ages, and sexes. Globally, HALE at birth improved slightly, from 61·3 years (58·6–63·6) in 2010 to 62·2 years (59·4–64·7) in 2021. However, despite this overall increase, HALE decreased by 2·2% (1·6–2·9) between 2019 and 2021. Interpretation: Putting the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of causes of health loss is crucial to understanding its impact and ensuring that health funding and policy address needs at both local and global levels through cost-effective and evidence-based interventions. A global epidemiological transition remains underway. Our findings suggest that prioritising non-communicable disease prevention and treatment policies, as well as strengthening health systems, continues to be crucially important. The progress on reducing the burden of CMNN diseases must not stall; although global trends are improving, the burden of CMNN diseases remains unacceptably high. Evidence-based interventions will help save the lives of young children and mothers and improve the overall health and economic conditions of societies across the world. Governments and multilateral organisations should prioritise pandemic preparedness planning alongside efforts to reduce the burden of diseases and injuries that will strain resources in the coming decades. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Un pionnier du graphisme éditorial : Alexey Brodovitch

Alexey Brodovitch, a pioneer of magazine design. Alexey Brodovitch is one of the leading figures in graphic design in the United States from 1930 on, helping give the role of artistic director its modern status. In 1934 he was invited by Carmel Snow to work on Harper’s Bazaar, where he introduced graphic innovations first developed in Europe. In fashion photography, he encouraged a natural and spontaneous style in keeping with the dynamic image of the modern woman. In the lay-out of the magazine’s pages he was particularly attentive to the relationships between text and image, creating dynamic effects which are often close to those used in the cinema. He had the knack of finding the most gifted young artists of his day and under his direction the magazine not only published many young photographers later to become famous, but also served a showcase for modern European art. In 1950 and 1951 Brodovitch launched and directed Portfolio, a non-commercial review which gave his creativity free reign and became an inspiration for several generations of graphic artists. Through his own career and through his activities as a teacher, Brodovitch is clearly one of the most influential figures in the visual arts in the USA from 1945.Cattaruzza Nathalie. Un pionnier du graphisme éditorial : Alexey Brodovitch. In: Histoire de l'art, N°24, 1993. Arts graphiques. pp. 67-77

A heuristic approach for the computation of individual trajectories of a fleet of robots under connectivity constraints

International audienc

A two-phase matheuristic for the multi-robot routing problem under connectivity constraints

National audienceRouting a fleet of robots in a known surface is a complex problem. It consists in the determinationof the exact trajectory each robot has to follow to collect information. The objective isto maximize the exploration of the given surface. To ensure the robots can execute the missionin a collaborative manner, connectivity constraints are considered. These constraints guaranteethat robots can communicate among each other and share the collected information. Moreover,the trajectories of the robots need to respect autonomy constraints

Fragments de Géo

International audienc

Introduction. « Fragments de Géo », ou la possibilité d’un dialogue

International audienceFragments de Géo », qu’est-ce à dire ? L’actualité nous abreuve d’exemples montrant les connexions toujours plus nombreuses, diverses et complexes, entre des phénomènes multiples, des objets disparates et toute une variété de sujets. Des questions environnementales aux enjeux économiques, des rivalités géopolitiques aux dimensions sociétales, sociales et culturelles, des problèmes d’habitat et d’aménagement – rural et urbain – aux enjeux de flux et de circulation, les liens sont ténus et les géographes participent à rendre visible la multiplicité des connexions qui s’immiscent entre ces différents niveaux d’observation, mais aussi entre « l’observateur » et « l’observé », le géographe étant lui-même inscrit dans le monde qu’il décrit. En ce sens, il n’y a pas de géographie humaine qui serait opposée (et opposable) à une géographie physique, pas de frontières entre biogéographie, géographie urbaine, géographie rurale, géographie politique, géographie du commerce, de la santé ou des transports.Les « fragments » que nous invoquons ici ne font référence ni à une discipline scientifique ni à une approche qui seraient « fragmentées », mais bien plutôt à une connaissance de la Terre (Gê) et du Monde qui ne serait jamais que « fragmentaire ». En effet, il n’est pas d’analyse géographique qui puisse prétendre à l’exhaustivité ou à une vision qui se voudrait globale, totale et définitive des espaces observés. Quelles que soient les approches utilisées par le chercheur – qualitatives ou quantitatives (ou les deux), observante ou participante –, l’effort de localisation, de délimitation et de mise en regard des échelles propres à notre discipline oblige toujours à rendre compte d’une densité de phénomènes en évolution permanente et à mettre au jour leurs connexions et leurs interdépendances. Cette mise en intelligence ou cette articulation d’éléments disparates et fragmentaires que suppose toujours le travail du chercheur demandent des efforts constamment renouvelés d’association, de mise en lien, de médiations et de remédiations