Cultivation of peas under Norwegian growth conditions

Bacheloroppgave i agronomi. Høgskolen i Innlandet.Norsk: Norge har en relativt lav selvforsyningsgrad sammenlignet med andre land i Europa, hovedsakelig på grunn av begrensede dyrkingsarealer og en kort vekstsesong. Vi er avhengig av å importere råvarer til humant konsum og til produksjon av dyrefôr. Det er spesielt importen av proteinråvarer som har steget betydelig de siste årene. Selv om det produseres proteinvekster i Norge, er ikke dette nok til å dekke behovet. For å øke produksjonen kan proteinvekster inkluderes i et vekstskifte med korn, som potensielt ville kunne øke produksjonen med 11 %. Det optimale klima for ertedyrking er en kjølig og fuktig vår, med en påfølgende tørr og varm sommer og høst. Erteplantene trenger god vanntilgang i den vegetative perioden og i blomstringsperioden. Plantene er spesielt følsomme for tørkestress i den sistnevnte perioden. Hovedutfordringen i ertedyrkingen er legde, og årsaken til legden kan enten være knyttet til værforhold eller til stor belastning på plantestengelen. Legde kan vanskeliggjøre innhøstingen, forårsake avlingstap og redusert kvalitet på ertene. Soppsykdommer, skadedyr og ugras er andre utfordringer tilknyttet ertedyrkingen. Målet med denne bacheloroppgaven var å finne svar på hvilke sorter som egner seg best til norske dyrkingsforhold for å oppnå høy avling og unngå legde. Dataene baserer seg på to feltforsøk med erter i 2022 og 2023 i Innlandet. Resultatene viste at det var stor forskjell på avlingsnivået i de to vekstsesongene, i tillegg til stor variasjon mellom sortene. Det var dessuten stor forskjell i høyden og hvordan plantehøyden utviklet seg gjennom vekstsesongen. Resultatene viste også at det var en signifikant sammenheng mellom avlingsnivå og plantehøyde ved modning, men ingen sammenheng mellom avlingsnivå, blomstringstidspunkt og modningstidspunkt. Basert på analysene som ble gjennomført, er det ‘Egle DS’, ‘Helium’, ‘Expert’ og ‘Ingrid’ som kommer best ut med hensyn til avlingsnivå og evne til å beholde plantehøyden gjennom sesongen.English: Norway has a low self-sufficiency rate compared to other European counties, primarily due to limited agricultural resources and a short growing season. In order to have enough commodities for human consumption and production of animal food, we depend on importation of these goods. As a result of the limited production of protein crops, the importation of protein has significantly increased over the recent years. To enhance this production, protein crops could be included in a crop rotation system with grains. The optimal climate for pea cultivation is a cool and humid spring, followed by a dry and warm summer and autumn. Pea plants require a certain soil moisture during the vegetative period and the flowering period. The plants are particularly sensitive to drought stress during the latter period. The main challenge in pea cultivation is lodging, the cause of which can either be related to the weather or excessive strain on the plant stem. Lodging can complicate harvesting, decrease yields, and reduce the quality of the peas. Fungal diseases, pests, and weeds are other challenges associated with pea cultivation. The aim of this thesis was to find out which pea varieties are best suited to Norwegian cultivation conditions, in order to achieve high yields and avoid lodging. The data are based on two field trials conducted in 2022 and 2023 in Innlandet county. The results showed a significant difference in yield between the two years, as well as a large difference between the pea varieties. There was also a significant difference in plant height and the development of the plant height throughout the season. Furthermore, the results showed a significant correlation between yield level and plant height, but no correlation between yield level, date of flowering, and date of maturity. Based on the analyses conducted in this study, ‘Egle DS’, ‘Helium’, ‘Expert’, and ‘Ingrid’ are the best varieties in terms of yield and ability to maintain plant height throughout the season

Maternal transfer and occurrence of siloxanes, chlorinated paraffins, metals, PFAS and legacy POPs in herring gulls (Larus argentatus) of different urban influence

Urban herring gulls (Larus argentatus) are exposed to contaminants from aquatic, terrestrial and anthropogenic sources. We aim to assess if differences in urbanisation affect ecological niche and contaminant concentrations in female herring gulls. Furthermore, we investigated maternal transfer from mothers to eggs for all the target compounds, including chlorinated paraffins (CPs) and cyclic volatile methyl siloxane (cVMSs), which to our knowledge have not been assessed in herring gulls previously. We compare concentrations of legacy and emerging contaminants and metals in blood and eggs between two herring gull colonies located 51 km apart, in the urban influenced Norwegian Oslofjord. While both colonies are within an urbanised area, the inner fjord is more so, as it is surrounded by Oslo, the capital and largest city in Norway Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen indicated a more marine ecological niche in the outer than the inner fjord colony, although with overlap. Persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations were similar in the inner and outer fjord colonies, while the short-chained chlorinated paraffins (SCCP), which are recently added to the Stockholm convention and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) varied, with higher concentrations of SCCP and the cVMS decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) in females and eggs of the inner fjord colony. Per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) concentrations were higher in the outer fjord colony, likely linked to releases from a point-source (airport and waste management facility with open access to food waste). In blood, chlorinated paraffins contributed most the total lipophilic contaminants (inner: 78%, outer: 56%), while polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were the most abundant lipophilic contaminants in eggs (inner: 62%, outer: 46%). Dechloranes and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were detected in few samples. Maternal transfer, assessed by egg to blood ratios, of cVMSs were similar to the POPs with mean log ratio 0.39 (D5), while it was lower for SCCPs, with log ratios-0.77. Our results indicate comparable POP exposure of the herring gulls in the inner and outer Oslofjord, likely due to overlap in ecological niches between the colonies and wide distribution of POPs. The differences between the colonies in concentrations of PFAS, cVMS and CPs shows that point source exposures and urban influence may be more important than ecological niche for these compounds.publishedVersio

Numeričko i eksperimentalno modeliranje nosivih elemenata teške metalurške opreme

Carrying structures of heavy metallurgical equipments are during their operation often exposed to extreme loading. The short-term overloading of the structure results to high stresses in locations of their concentrations. By repeating of these phenomena is decreased the life-time of the structure and eventually this leads to local failures in their carrying elements. In the paper are on examples described advantages of using numerical and experimental methods of mechanical system modelling that is exploited for identification of overloading in carrying elements of metallurgical equipments or for detection of damage causes.Nosivi elementi teške metalurške opreme tijekom eksploatacije često su izloženi ekstremnim opterećenjima. Njihova kratkotrajna preopterećenja izazivaju visoka naprezanja na mjestima koncentracije. Ponavljanje ove pojave izaziva skraćenje životnog vijeka konstrukcije i moguća lokalna oštećenja nosivih elemenata. U ovom članku, na dva primjera su prikazane prednosti primjene numeričkih i eksperimentalnih metoda modeliranja mehaničkog sustava u otkrivanju preopterećenja ili uzroka oštećenja nosivih elemenata metalurške opreme

Norwegian Fashion Institute

This report has been conducted in cooperation with Norwegian Fashion Institute (hereinafter NFI). NFI is a non-profit organisation that represents the participants within the Norwegian fashion Industry. It seeks to make Norwegian fashion brands recognized at home and overseas. There are 90 members in the organisation that represents the wide spectrum of Norwegian fashion. Obtaining knowledge of the market will help NFI promote Norwegian fashion brands in the UK and identify the necessary requirements for the brands to succeed. In order to answer the research question and objectives, information has been collected through secondary and primary data. The research process was used step by step in order to develop and conduct the design of the research. To get an overall understanding of the UK retail market, semi-structured interview was conducted. The interviews were used to identify the questions that should be asked in the survey. The survey-research was conducted in order to reveal attitudes and regional differences in the UK market. The most important findings from the research performed for this report are the following. There is a lack of awareness around Norwegian design. Only five of 113 respondents in the survey had knowledge of any Norwegian designers. Neither the two participants in the semi-structured interviews had any knowledge. There is a tendency for customers to value quality and design over price and brand. London has a higher level of fashion knowledge and interest than the other two cities in our research. This indicates that London is the most appropriate place to launch a new brand. This was confirmed through the semi-structured interviews. The UK can be considered to be a good country to conduct business in. The country has a positive outlook regarding to recovery of the recession. The UK’s membership in the EU offers political advantages. In terms of social aspects the country has a high standard of living and updated technological abilities. Porters Five Forces revealed that there is fairly strong rivalry in the industry; it is however room for smaller players in the market. McKinsey`s 7S’ pointed out that NFI has a good network in Norway and that the lack of administration is the organisations strongest weakness. The findings in of the external and internal analysis where summarised in a SWOT. It is imperative to develop a good promotion strategy to position Norwegian Fashion brands in the UK fashion industry. A clear brand identity has to be identified before promoting the products. The promotion alternatives PR, exhibitions and e-marketing were considered to create awareness around Norwegian Fashion. Foreign Direct Investment, export and agent are three potential alternatives for NFIs members to enter the UK market. In the beginning phase it is imperative for NFI to focus its promotion mainly towards the business-to-business, but also towards potential consumers. The promotion strategy proposed includes London Fashion week, exhibitions and other similar events. These events will help create awareness around Norwegian Fashion brands among influential people in the UK fashion industry. Internet and magazines should be used as promotion channels to the potential consumers. The recommendations for choice of entry mode depend on the size of the business. Recommendations were made for small and medium businesses, for short and long term commitments. The short-term recommendation for small businesses is to use Internet. The long-term recommendation is to consider department stores. Medium businesses should, in the short term, use department stores, in addition to Internet. The long-term recommendation is to open a Norwegian concept store. Alternatively for the brands that have generated reasonable profit, and developed a clear position in the UK market, a possibility will be to open an individual store

E6 i Råde og Sarpsborg, Østfold. Sluttrapport utgravninger i 1994 og 1995.

Denne rapporten gir en oversikt over de arkeologiske undersøkelsene som ble utført i 1994 og 1995 i forbindelse med utbyggingen av E6 i Østfold. Beskrivelsen av de enkelte lokalitetene er i hovedsak hentet fra innberetningene som er skrevet av de ulike feltlederne. Undertegnede har gjennomgått funnmaterialet, og redigert de enkelte rapportene. Sammenfattende konklusjoner av steinaldenindersøkelsene er likeledes skrevet av prosjektleder. Prosjektleder: Evy Berg

Norwegian Sheep Are an Important Reservoir for Human-Pathogenic Escherichia coli O26:H11

publishedVersio