Un changement dans la diachronie du français : la perte de la préfixation aspectuelle en a-*

Dans cet article, nous analysons un changement important survenu dans le système aspectuel du moyen français : la perte de productivité de certains préfixes aspectuels. Nous exposons ensuite la démarche méthodologique nécessaire à l’analyse de faits morphosyntaxiques en diachronie. Nous illustrons ce changement en analysant l’évolution du préfixe a-. Notre recherche allie le recours aux données de sources secondaires extraites des dictionnaires de l’ancien et du moyen français à l’analyse d’un corpus catégorisé à l’aide d’un outil d’analyse de textes par ordinateur, SATO. Nous étayerons l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’aspect a évolué vers une plus grande compositionnalité et résulte de l’interaction de différents processus en français moderne, dont l’érosion sémantique de la préposition à.This article proposes an analysis of an important change which took place in the aspectual system of Middle French, i.e. the loss of productivity of some aspectual prefixes. We also present the methodology that we have developed to analyze morphosyntactic facts in diachrony. We illustrate the change by an analysis of the prefix a-. Our research is based on secondary sources from dictionaries of Old and Middle French and on data from a wide corpus tagged with SATO, a computational text analyzer. We provide arguments in order to show that aspect has changed in favor of a larger compositionality and is now the result of the interaction of different processes in Modern French, one of which being the semantic erosion of the preposition à

Modelling human choices: MADeM and decision‑making

Research supported by FAPESP 2015/50122-0 and DFG-GRTK 1740/2. RP and AR are also part of the Research, Innovation and Dissemination Center for Neuromathematics FAPESP grant (2013/07699-0). RP is supported by a FAPESP scholarship (2013/25667-8). ACR is partially supported by a CNPq fellowship (grant 306251/2014-0)

Structure morphologique de surface et transparence sémantique

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse portent sur le rôle de la structure morphologique de surface et de la transparence sémantique sur le traitement des mots dérivés. Nous avons effectué neuf expériences en amorçage avec des vrais mots dérivés et pseudo-dérivés et des pseudo-mots morphologiquement complexes. Les résultats en amorçage visuel masqué suggèrent que la structure morphologique de surface est exploitée de façon automatique et aveugle en tout début de traitement : les mots dérivés transparents (fillette) et opaques sémantiquement (vignette), et les mots pseudo-dérivés (baguette) sont décomposés en unités morphémiques. Les résultats en amorçage intermodal montrent que cette décomposition est maintenue dans le temps uniquement pour les mots transparents ; quatre expériences supplémentaires en amorçage masqué montrent que des pseudo-mots constitués d une racine et d un suffixe (ex. rapidifier) sont aussi décomposés. Ces résultats sont confrontés aux modèles de la morphologie.In this thesis, we have investigated the role of morphological surface structure and semantic transparency on the processing of derived words. Nine priming experiments are reported, using real derived and pseudo-derived words and morphologically complex pseudo-words. Results obtained in visual masked priming suggest that words morphological surface structure is exploited at the beginning of word recognition: Semantically transparent (fillette/fille little girl/girl ) and opaque words (vignette/vigne label/vine ), and pseudo-derived words (baguette/bague French bread, stick/ring ) are decomposed into morphemic units. Results in cross-modal priming show that decomposition is maintained only for transparent words, and four additional experiments in masked priming demonstrate that pseudo-words built out of a root and a suffix (rapidifier) are also decomposed. Several interpretations of the results are discussed.PARIS3-BU (751052102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Morphological decomposition and semantic integration in word processing

International audienceIn the present study, we looked at cross-modal priming effects produced by auditory presentation of morphologically complex pseudowords in order to investigate semantic integration during the processing of French morphologically complex items. In Experiment 1, we used as primes pseudowords consisting of a non-interpretable combination of roots and suffixes, such as degrees sportation, formed by the noun sport "sport" and the suffix -ation. In Experiment 2, primes were semantically interpretable pseudowords made of the combination of a root and a suffix, such as degrees rapidifier "to quickify". In Experiment 3, we used as primes semantically interpretable pseudowords that were designed to be synonymous with existing derived words, for example degrees cuisineur, which, if it existed, would mean the same as cuisinier "a cook". Finally, in Experiment 4, we used as primes non-morphological pseudowords like degrees rapiduit, -uit being an existing ending of French but not a suffix. The results of the four experiments show that priming only occurs with those morphologically complex pseudowords which are interpretable (including those which are synonymous with a pre-existing derived form), providing evidence that semantic factors are taken into account when the prime is overtly presented. Our results further support the view that morphological effects come into play at at least two processing stages, a morphological decomposition based on formal properties and a semantic integration based on semantic compatibility between morphemes. (C) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of methanolic extracts from Ledum groenlandicum Retzius

Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum Retzius) is an ericaceae widely distributed in North America. The leaves and twigs were used in Native American traditional medicine to treat several inflammatory pathologies such as asthma, rheumatisms and burns. Reactive oxygen species as well as reactive nitrogen species such as nitric oxide (NO) contribute significantly to these pathologies. In this study, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of crude methanol extracts of leaves and twigs from Ledum groenlandicum were investigated. Both extracts showed a strong antioxidant activity using the ORAC method and a cell based-assay. Moreover, the twig and leaf extracts showed significant anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting NO release, respectively, by 28 and 17% at 25 μg/ml in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. In comparison, N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, reduced NO release by 24% at 25 μg/ml. The twig extract was also found to be active against DLD-1 colon carcinoma and A-549 lung carcinoma cells, with IC50 values of 43 ± 1 and 65 ± 8 μg/ml, respectively. The bioguided study of the twig extract resulted in the isolation and identification of ursolic acid, a known triterpene. Ursolic acid was active against DLD-1 (IC50: 9.3 ± 0.3 μM) and A-549 (IC50: 8.9 ± 0.2 μM), suggesting it is, in part, responsible of the anticancer activity of the twig extract