Incidencia del Mercado Integrado Latinoamericano (MILA) en cada una de las bolsas de valores que lo componen

Este documento tiene como propósito establecer la incidencia que tiene el Mercado Integrado Latinoamericano (MILA) sobre las bolsas que la componen (Chile, Perú y Colombia) -- Para el desarrollo del trabajo se corren modelos econométricos que evidenciarán si los rendimientos de las bolsas de valores de los países que conforman esta integración bursátil se han visto influenciados por los rendimientos del MILA, así como también determinarán si la ocurrencia de la integración genera algún cambio estructural en la bolsa doméstica -- Este último planteamiento se hará a través de la inclusión de variables cualitativas -- Como consecuencia de lo anterior se evidenció que dicha integración no presenta cambios significativos en el comportamiento de los índices bursátiles de cada uno de los países miembros del MILA -- No obstante, se observa que los rendimientos bursátiles de cada bolsa doméstica dependen de los rendimientos del índice del MIL

Intégration des aspects énergétiques dans la conception du projet architectural (une approche méthodologique)

Selon les objectifs d efficacité énergétique à l horizon 2020 en France, le secteur du bâtiment évolue vers des constructions dites à énergie positive . Ces nouveaux enjeux imposent l intégration de nouvelles composantes aux aspects architecturaux et techniques, ainsi qu une rupture dans les modes de conception et d évaluation d un projet. Mais la recherche de la performance énergétique dépend d instruments numériques de mesure qui ne sont parfois pas adaptés à la démarche de conception des architectes, ce qui se traduit par la difficulté de mettre en cohérence le projet architectural et les objectifs de performance énergétique.L objectif de ce travail est d analyser la complexité de l intégration des aspects énergétiques dans les différentes phases du processus de conception, afin de proposer une démarche qui permette d optimiser la performance énergétique. Pour étudier ces questions, nous proposons d analyser et de reconstituer la démarche de conception de l architecte d un point de vue méthodologique, pour aborder postérieurement la question de l optimisation de la performance énergétique à l aide d outils numériques.L étude du processus de conception permet d évaluer l impact de la composante énergie et son importance dans les phases initiales dans la démarche du concepteur. L analyse systémique des aspects énergétiques montre l interrelation entre les problématiques générales et les différents choix de conception. La formulation d une stratégie de conception à travers un outil méthodologique, nous permet de proposer une démarche d optimisation de la performance énergétique basée sur la structure morphologique du bâtiment.Cette approche ouvre de nouvelles perspectives méthodologiques dans la conception de bâtiments à énergie positive. La complexité des relations entre l énergie, la morphologie des bâtiments, les outils numériques seraient en train de modifier le processus de conception en architecture et la future organisation des ensembles urbains.According to the French energy efficiency target for 2020, the building industry is moving towards "positive energy". These new challenges require the integration of new components to architectural and technical aspects, as well as a break in the methods of design and evaluation of the project. But the research for energy efficiency depends of digital measurement instruments which are not adapted to the design process of architects, which results in the difficulty of consistency between architectural and energy performance targets.The objective of this work is to analyze the complexity of integrating energy issues in the design process, to propose a methodological approach which optimizes energy efficiency. To address these issues, we propose to analyze and reconstruct the design process from a methodological point of view, later to study the optimization of energy performance using digital tools.The study of the design process shows the impact of the energy component and its important role in the early stages of the design process. The methodological analysis of energy issues shows the interrelation between general principles and design decisions. The formulation of a design strategy using a methodological tool allows us to propose an approach for optimizing the energy performance based on the morphological structure of the building.This approach opens new methodological perspectives in the design of positive energy buildings. The complexity of the relationship between energy, the morphology of buildings and the use of digital tools would be changing the design process in architecture and the future organization of urban complexes.BORDEAUX1-Bib.electronique (335229901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Testing for Network and Spatial Autocorrelation

Testing for dependence has been a well-established component of spatial statistical analyses for decades. In particular, several popular test statistics have desirable properties for testing for the presence of spatial autocorrelation in continuous variables. In this paper we propose two contributions to the literature on tests for autocorrelation. First, we propose a new test for autocorrelation in categorical variables. While some methods currently exist for assessing spatial autocorrelation in categorical variables, the most popular method is unwieldy, somewhat ad hoc, and fails to provide grounds for a single omnibus test. Second, we discuss the importance of testing for autocorrelation in network, rather than spatial, data, motivated by applications in social network data. We demonstrate that existing tests for autocorrelation in spatial data for continuous variables and our new test for categorical variables can both be used in the network setting

Needs of Individuals Living With Hepatitis Delta Virus and Their Caregivers, 2016-2019.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a serious coinfection of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that is estimated to affect between 48 to 72 million people worldwide. Data are limited on the informational needs of people living with HDV. The Hepatitis B Foundation, a US-based nonprofit organization that provides support to people living with HBV and HDV, receives emails (queries) as part of a helpline, a service to provide information, resources, and support to people affected by HBV and HDV. METHODS: Query content was analyzed to assess the impact of HDV at the individual level. A total of 65 HDV-related queries from 17 countries were received from October 2016 to January 2019, and all were analyzed for this study. RESULTS: Thematic analysis of queries indicated 4 dominant themes. Three were related to a need for information about 1) the disease and prevention of it, 2) disease symptoms and outcomes, and 3) treatment options. The fourth theme was related to barriers and quality of life. Individuals requested information on treatment options, medication access, diagnostic test interpretation, and clinical trials. CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the needs and lived experience of patients with HDV and summarizes critical information gaps. Findings can inform health care providers, public health professionals, and the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries about the informational needs and lived experiences of individuals living with HDV and help create future HDV-related educational resources, care, and clinical trials

Evaluación de combinaciones de aceites esenciales y aceites esenciales con hidrosoles sobre actividades antimicrobianas y antioxidantes]

International audienceContext: Essential oils (EO) are commonly extracted from plants by steam distillation in which an aqueous phase called hydrosol (HD) is obtained. Unlike EO, hydrosol studies have been limited despite the interest of the food, cosmetic and phytotherapeutic industries to find natural preservative alternatives to synthetic ones. Aims: To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacies of combinations of essential oils (EOs) and essential oils and hydrosols (HDs) of Lippia alba, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Thymus vulgaris. Methods: The EOs and HDs were characterized by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Then, they were screened against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger using the microdilution method for the four first strains and the agar diffusion method for Aspergillus niger. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using ABTS method. Results: Interactions between essential oils, and essential oils and hydrosols were found to be as microbicide, and for the first time, antioxidant using the fractional inhibitory concentration. When compared with individual EOs, EO-EO combinations diminished the microbicide minimum concentration. Conclusions: The Thymus vulgaris EO-HD combination, in comparison with individual extracts, diminishes by four times the MBC against Escherichia coli and decrease by half their antioxidant capacity.Contexto: Los aceites esenciales (AEs) se extraen comúnmente de las plantas por destilación con arrastre de vapor en la que se obtiene una faseacuosa llamada hidrosol (HDs). A diferencia de los AE, los estudios de los HD han sido limitados a pesar del interés de las industrias alimentaria,cosmética y fitoterapéutica de encontrar alternativas naturales de conservación.Objetivos: Evaluar la eficacia antimicrobiana y antioxidante in vitro de las combinaciones de AEs, AEs e HDs de Lippia alba, Rosmarinus officinalis y Thymus vulgaris.Métodos: Los AEs e HDs fueron caracterizados por cromatografía de gases con detector de ionización en llama y cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. Luego se realizaron pruebas de detección contra Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans y Aspergillus niger utilizando el método de microdilución para las cuatro primeras cepas y el método de difusión en agar para Aspergillus niger. La actividad antioxidante se evaluó utilizando el método ABTS.Resultados: Se encontró que las interacciones entre los aceites esenciales, aceites esenciales e hidrosoles eran microbicidas y, por primera vez,antioxidantes usando la concentración inhibidora fraccionada. Cuando se compararon con AEs individuales, las combinaciones AE-AEdisminuyeron la concentración microbicida mínima.Conclusiones La combinación de tomillo AE-HD; en comparación con los extractos individuales, disminuye en cuatro veces el MBC contraEscherichia coli y disminuye a la mitad su actividad antioxidante

Paralog analyses reveal gene duplication events and genes under positive selection in Ixodes scapularis and other ixodid ticks

Background: Hard ticks (family Ixodidae) are obligatory hematophagous ectoparasites of worldwide medical and veterinary importance. The haploid genomes of multiple species of ixodid ticks exceed 1 Gbp, prompting questions regarding gene, segmental and whole genome duplication in this phyletic group. The availability of the genome assembly for the black legged tick, Ixodes scapularis, and transcriptome datasets for multiple species of ticks offers an opportunity to assess the contribution of gene duplication to the genome. Here we developed a bioinformatics pipeline to identify and analyze duplicated genes (paralogs) using gene models from the prostriate tick, I. scapularis IscaW1.1 annotation and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from I. scapularis and the metastriate ticks, Rhipicephalus microplus (southern cattle tick), R. appendiculatus (brown ear tick) and Amblyomma variegatum (tropical bont tick). Results: Approximately 1-2 % of I. scapularis gene models and 2-14 % of ESTs from the four species represent duplicated genes. The ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitution rates suggests ~ 25 % of duplicated genes are under positive selection pressure in each species. Analyses of synonymous substitution rates provide evidence for two duplication events in I. scapularis and R. microplus involving several hundred genes. Conservative molecular clock estimates based on synonymous substitution rates for species of Anopheles mosquitoes and the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, suggest these events occurred within the last 50 MYA. Mapping of paralogs to the I. scapularis genome assembly supports tandem, or possibly segmental duplication events. Conclusions: The present study marks the first genome-level analyses of gene duplication for the Ixodidae and provides insights into mechanisms shaping genome evolution in this group. At least two duplication events involving hundreds of genes may have occurred independently in the lineages prostriata and metastriata, with tandem and segmental duplication the most likely mechanisms for paralog generation. Duplicated genes under positive selection pressure may be linked to emerging functions in the tick and represent important candidates for further study

Estudio sobre Acompañamiento en Estudiantes con Dificultad de Atención y Concentración en Contexto Educativo Rural en Colombia

Conocer los procesos de acompañamiento en estudiantes con dificultad en atención y concentración en primaria de la Institución Educativa Departamental Nuestra Señora del Carmen de Lenguazaque con el fin de brindar herramientas pedagógicas a padres y docentes.Una de las problemáticas que deben tratar los docentes de básica primaria, es la dificultad de algunos estudiantes para mantener la atención y la concentración, lo cual tiende a entorpecer el ejercicio pedagógico, situación que también viven en casa los padres. En ese sentido, se estudiaron las causas de la falta de atención y concentración de los estudiantes de básica primaria en una institución de carácter oficial rural de Colombia, con el objetivo de conocer los procesos de acompañamiento que permitan brindar estrategias pedagógicas para padres y docentes. Partiendo de un abordaje cualitativo, con enfoque hermenéutico, la investigación tuvo como muestra a 62 estudiantes, a los cuales se les aplicaron los instrumentos de encuesta y test de atención (Thurstone); además se entrevistaron a padres y docentes y se realizó revisión documental. Dentro de los principales resultados se encontró que las causas de la falta de atención y concentración de los estudiantes están asociadas por factores externos e internosOne of the problems that elementary school teachers must deal with is the difficulty of some students to maintain attention and concentration, which tends to hinder pedagogical exercise, a situation that parents also experience at home. In this sense, the causes of the lack of attention and concentration of elementary school students in an official rural institution in Colombia were studied, with the aim of knowing the accompaniment processes that allow providing pedagogical strategies for parents and teachers. Starting from a qualitative and hermeneutical approach, the research sampled 62 students, to whom the survey and attention test instruments were applied and (Thurstone), in addition parents and teachers were interviewed and a documentary review was carried out. Among the main results, it was found that the causes of the lack of attention and concentration of the students are associated by external and interna

Estudio sobre Acompañamiento en Estudiantes con Dificultad de Atención y Concentración en Contexto Educativo Rural en Colombia

Conocer los procesos de acompañamiento en estudiantes con dificultad en atención y concentración en primaria de la Institución Educativa Departamental Nuestra Señora del Carmen de Lenguazaque con el fin de brindar herramientas pedagógicas a padres y docentes.Una de las problemáticas que deben tratar los docentes de básica primaria, es la dificultad de algunos estudiantes para mantener la atención y la concentración, lo cual tiende a entorpecer el ejercicio pedagógico, situación que también viven en casa los padres. En ese sentido, se estudiaron las causas de la falta de atención y concentración de los estudiantes de básica primaria en una institución de carácter oficial rural de Colombia, con el objetivo de conocer los procesos de acompañamiento que permitan brindar estrategias pedagógicas para padres y docentes. Partiendo de un abordaje cualitativo, con enfoque hermenéutico, la investigación tuvo como muestra a 62 estudiantes, a los cuales se les aplicaron los instrumentos de encuesta y test de atención (Thurstone); además se entrevistaron a padres y docentes y se realizó revisión documental. Dentro de los principales resultados se encontró que las causas de la falta de atención y concentración de los estudiantes están asociadas por factores externos e internosOne of the problems that elementary school teachers must deal with is the difficulty of some students to maintain attention and concentration, which tends to hinder pedagogical exercise, a situation that parents also experience at home. In this sense, the causes of the lack of attention and concentration of elementary school students in an official rural institution in Colombia were studied, with the aim of knowing the accompaniment processes that allow providing pedagogical strategies for parents and teachers. Starting from a qualitative and hermeneutical approach, the research sampled 62 students, to whom the survey and attention test instruments were applied and (Thurstone), in addition parents and teachers were interviewed and a documentary review was carried out. Among the main results, it was found that the causes of the lack of attention and concentration of the students are associated by external and interna

Hoofprints in the sand:A study on domestic sheep (Ovis aries) from Iron Age southern Phoenicia using traditional biometric methods

The majority of research to date on the translocation of livestock in the premodern (before 1500 CE) Mediterranean Basin has focused on expansive movements out from geographic origins of domestication or from colonizer-to-colonized territories. Fewer zooarchaeological studies have investigated the lateral trajectories of distinct varieties of domesticated animals around the post-Neolithic eastern Mediterranean, partially due to the difficulty in detecting intra-species variation osteologically. The research conducted in the present study sought to improve understanding of the human-mediated mobility of domestic sheep (Ovis aries) from Iron Age settlements in the southern Levant. Variability in body size and a greater variety of morphotypes were expected from coastal flocks in southern Phoenicia in comparison to inland herds, possibly due to the dynamic influence of maritime trade. Biometric data analysis of zooarchaeological materials using log size index and astragalar dimension index methods revealed evidence for the possible optimization of coastal sheep for wool production and a potential introduction event in the Persian period. The Aegean region could be a source for this introduction; however, further research is needed to specify the geographic origin of this phenomenon.</p

Phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial parameters of essential oils and hydrosols of colombian Thyme and Rosemary obtained using two different steam distillation methods

Two procedures of steam distillation of Rosmarinus officinalis and Thymus vulgaris were compared by phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial analysis of their respective essential oils and hydrosols using respectively GCFID and GCMS analysis, free radical scavenging activity on ABTS and dilution and diffusion method against 3 bacteria and 2 fungi. Differences in bioactivity results are discussed taking into account changes in molecular content of essential oils and hydrosols obtained by the two different distillation methods. Although no significant difference was observed between the two procedures with Rosmarinus officinalis, that was not the case with Thymus vulgaris. Significant differences were noted, not only in their respective chemical composition especially with the thymol and p-cymene percentage with respectively a change from 39% with conventional steam distillation to 27% with adapted steam distillation for thymol and from 28% with the first distillation to 37% with the second one for p-cymene. These phytochemical composition changes have an impact on their biological activities results and consequently on the therapeutic activities expected which shows the importance of distillation method selection