Civilization problems in socio-political science

The article analyzes the civilization paradigms in contemporary social and political science. Regularities of the civilization approach to the historical process were researched systematically and the features of the materialist, cultural and historical trends in the theory of civilizations were studied. In particular, the essence of the concept of global and local civilization was analyzed. The historical role of communities of people i.e. civilization in the modern world was described on the basis of the analysis of globalization processes and political changes in today’s world.У статті здійснено аналіз цивілізаційних парадигм у сучасній суспільно-політичній науці. Системно досліджено закономірності цивілізаційного підходу до історичного процесу, вивчено особливості матеріалістичного та культурно- історичного напряму в теорії цивілізацій. Зокрема, проаналізовано сутність поняття глобальна та локальна цивілізація. На основі аналізу процесів глобалізації та політичних змін в сучасному світі дана характеристика ролі історичних спільнот людей – цивілізацій у сучасному світі.В статье осуществлен анализ цивилизационных парадигм в современной общественно-политической науке. Системно исследованы закономерности цивилизационного подхода к историческому процессу, изучено особенности материалистического и культурно-исторического направления в теории цивилизаций. Проанализирована сущность понятия глобальная и локальная цивилизация. На основе анализа процессов глобализации и политических изменений в современном мире дана характеристика роли исторических общностей людей – цивилизаций в современном мире

Methods to collect Anopheles mosquitoes and evaluate malaria transmission: A comparative study in two villages in Senegal

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Various methods have been studied as replacement of human landing catches (HLC) for mosquito sampling in entomological studies on malaria transmission. Conflicting results have been obtained in comparing relative efficiency of alternative methods, according to the area, the species present and their density. The aim of this study was to compare the number and characteristics of mosquitoes sampled in two areas of Senegal by three different methods: HLC, light traps adjacent to an occupied bed net (LT/N), pyrethrum spray catches (PSC).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Collections were performed in two villages: Dielmo (Soudan savanna) and Bandafassi (Soudan Guinean savanna), two or three nights per month for a 4-5 months period during the maximal transmission season in 2001-2002. Species were identified and <it>Plasmodium </it>infection determined by ELISA. The specific composition, circumsporozoite protein rate and entomological inoculation rate were calculated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The diversity of mosquito species captured was maximal with LT/N, minimal with PSC. The mean number of anopheles captures each night was significantly different according to the method used and the species. PSC displayed a significantly lower anopheles density. HLC was the most efficient sampling method when <it>Anopheles gambiae </it>was the main vector (in Bandafassi); LT/N when it was <it>Anopheles funestus </it>(in Dielmo). A significant correlation was found between HLC and LT/M but correlation parameters were different according to the species. Circumsporozoite protein rates were not significantly different between methods or species. The entomological inoculation rate varied along with vector density and thus with methods and species.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The choice of sampling method influenced entomological data recorded. Therefore, the sampling technique has to be chosen according to the vector studied and the aim of the study. Only HLC must be considered as the reference method, but in some conditions LT/N can be used as an alternative method.</p

Resistance to DDT and Pyrethroids and Increased kdr Mutation Frequency in An. gambiae after the Implementation of Permethrin-Treated Nets in Senegal

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility to insecticides of An. gambiae mosquitoes sampled in Dielmo (Senegal), in 2010, 2 years after the implementation of Long Lasting Insecticide-treated Nets (LLINs) and to report the evolution of kdr mutation frequency from 2006 to 2010. Methods: WHO bioassay susceptibility tests to 6 insecticides were performed on adults F0, issuing from immature stages of An. gambiae s.l., sampled in August 2010. Species and molecular forms as well as the presence of L1014F and L1014S kd

Low and seasonal malaria transmission in the middle Senegal River basin: identification and characteristics of Anopheles vectors

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>During the last decades two dams were constructed along the Senegal River. These intensified the practice of agriculture along the river valley basin. We conducted a study to assess malaria vector diversity, dynamics and malaria transmission in the area.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A cross-sectional entomological study was performed in September 2008 in 20 villages of the middle Senegal River valley to evaluate the variations of <it>Anopheles </it>density according to local environment. A longitudinal study was performed, from October 2008 to January 2010, in 5 selected villages, to study seasonal variations of malaria transmission.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Among malaria vectors, 72.34% of specimens collected were <it>An. arabiensis</it>, 5.28% <it>An. gambiae </it>of the S molecular form, 3.26% M form, 12.90% <it>An. pharoensis</it>, 4.70% <it>An. ziemanni</it>, 1.48% <it>An. funestus </it>and 0.04% <it>An. wellcomei</it>. <it>Anopheles </it>density varied according to village location. It ranged from 0 to 21.4 <it>Anopheles</it>/room/day and was significantly correlated with the distance to the nearest ditch water but not to the river.</p> <p>Seasonal variations of <it>Anopheles </it>density and variety were observed with higher human biting rates during the rainy season (8.28 and 7.55 <it>Anopheles </it>bite/man/night in October 2008 and 2009 respectively). Transmission was low and limited to the rainy season (0.05 and 0.06 infected bite/man/night in October 2008 and 2009 respectively). During the rainy season, the endophagous rate was lower, the anthropophagic rate higher and L1014F kdr frequency higher.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Malaria vectors are present at low-moderate density in the middle Senegal River basin with <it>An. arabiensis </it>as the predominant species. Other potential vectors are <it>An. gambiae </it>M and S form and <it>An. funestus</it>. Nonetheless, malaria transmission was extremely low and seasonal.</p

Kinines et cardioprotection (mécanismes d'induction et rôle des récepteurs b1)

GRENOBLE1-BU Médecine pharm. (385162101) / SudocPARIS-BIUP (751062107) / SudocSudocFranceF

Circumsporozoite Protein (CSP) rate (% and 95% confidence interval) measured in 1494 <i>An. gambiae s.l.</i> mosquitoes sampled from 2006 to 2011, according to their kdr genotype (SS: wilde type yellow box, RS: L1014 F heterozygote orange box, RR: L1014F homozygote red box).

<p>CSP rate in the total sampled population (n = 8,855) is given in brackets at the bottom of the figure. Data in the table represent Odd ratio (OR) obtained with a logistic model of parity with following factors: KDR genotype, taxa and year. Likehood ratio Chi² = 69.06, p<0.001.</p

An. gambiae feeding time measured in 1494 An. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes sampled from 2006 to 2011, according to their kdr genotype (SS: wilde type, yellow lines and boxes, RS: L1014 F heterozygote, orange lines and boxes, RR: L1014F homozygote, red lines and box).

<p>Panel A represents hourly aggressiveness in specimens sampled each hour after the implementation of LLINs as a percentage of the number of specimen sampled during the night. Panel B boxes are 25th to 75th percentiles with median hour, lines are 1.5 interquartile and dots outside values, for specimens sampled from Jan 2006 to Jul 2008 (Before LLINs) and between August 2009 and Dec 2011 (After LLINs). Changes in median hour of aggressiveness observed in the SS specimen group after the implementation of LLINs (Mann-Whitney test p<0.0001) but not in RS specimens. Earlier aggressiveness detected in SS group in comparison to RS and RR after LLINs (Kurskal-Wallis test p<0.0001).</p

Parity rate (% and 95% confidence interval) measured in 1494 <i>An. gambiae s.l.</i> mosquitoes sampled from 2006 to 2011, according to their kdr genotype (SS: wilde type yellow box, RS: L1014 F heterozygote orange box, RR: L1014F homozygote red box, Panel A) and taxa (<i>An. arabiensis</i>, green boxes, <i>A. coluzzi</i>, light blue boxes, and <i>An. gambiae</i> form S, darck blue boxes, Panel B).

<p>Rates in the total <i>Anopheles gambiae s.l.</i> population are given in brakets. Data in the table represent Odd ratio (OR) obtained with a logistic model of parity with following factors: KDR genotype, taxa and year. Likehood ratio Chi² = 244.72, p<0.001.</p

Human blood index (HBI) (% and 95% confidence interval) measured in 735 <i>An. gambiae s.l.</i> mosquitoes sampled from 2006 to 2011, according to their kdr genotype (SS: wilde type yellow box, RS: L1014 F heterozygote orange box, RR: L1014F homozygote red box, Panel A) and taxa (<i>An. arabiensis</i>, green boxes, <i>An. coluzzii</i>, light blue boxes, and <i>An. gambiae</i> molecular form S, darck blue boxes, Panel B).

<p>Rates in the total <i>Anopheles gambiae s.l.</i> population are given in brakets. Data in the table represent Odd ratio (OR) obtained with a logistic model of parity with following factors: KDR genotype, taxa and year. Likehood ratio Chi² = 113.49, p<0.001.</p