2,485 research outputs found

    Could occupation duration be related to the diversity of faunal remains in Mesolithic shell middens along the European Atlantic seaboard?

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    International audienceIn order to define the Mesolithic populations that came to settle on the European Atlantic seaboard, it is essential to assess the duration and continuity of human occupation. Although our knowledge of the geographical distribution of these populations is largely truncated by archaeological bias, the presence of more than 240 Mesolithic shell middens along the European Atlantic coast enables us to establish an overview of the published data on the dwelling patterns (seasonal, permanent, recurrent or limited in time) of these groups of maritime hunter-gatherers. A review of the literature shows that information on human occupations is lacking for many known Mesolithic shell middens. Moreover, the data leading to the identification of settlement patterns prove to be very heterogeneous from one site to another. Marine molluscs play a special role among the artefacts used to define the attraction of human populations for the coast, and help us to understand settlement. Although molluscs represent a major component of Mesolithic shell middens, it has taken several decades for the analysis of these faunal remains to be considered from the outset in excavations. One of the questions addressed here is whether the diversity of faunal remains in these shell middens can be related to the duration of human occupations on the coast. This question is based on the idea that people staying in the same settlement for several seasons can explore the surrounding area in greater detail. In this paper we observe that the diversity of faunal remains, including seashells, is not only dependent on the way of life of coastal people and settlement duration. It also affects other factors, such as the accessibility of more or less diversified environments and their resources in the vicinity of settlements and the degree of adaptability of humans exploiting similar resources

    La citadelle de Brouage et la dynamique palĂ©oenvironnementale du marais charentais: l’apport de la malacologie et palynologie

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    International audienceL'ancien port de Brouage est situĂ© face Ă  l'Ăźle d'OlĂ©ron, aujourd'hui en plein marais, Ă  quelques kilomĂštres de la mer. Si le chenal est aujourd'hui inaccessible Ă  tout bateau de fort tonnage, cela n'a pas Ă©tĂ© le cas Ă  l'Ă©poque moderne. La fouille de la maison Champlain, initiĂ©e dĂšs 2003 par K. Robin (Conseil GĂ©nĂ©ral de la Charente-Maritime) et reprise depuis par A. Champagne, a donc la particularitĂ© de se situer dans un milieu humide dont la gĂ©omorphologie et la dynamique sĂ©dimentaire ont considĂ©rablement fluctuĂ©. La comprĂ©hension de ces Ă©volutions est au cƓur de nos prĂ©occupations au niveau Ă  la fois de l'implantation de cette citadelle en zone littorale mais aussi de la gestion des ressources alimentaires et matĂ©riaux de construction. La prospection gĂ©ophysique entreprise en 2010 par V. MathĂ©, a Ă©tĂ© confrontĂ©e Ă  des donnĂ©es gĂ©otechniques anciennes (MathĂ© 2010). Elle a prĂ©cisĂ© l'hypothĂšse d'une ville Ă©tablie sur un banc de sable, reposant sur du bri, et non sur un banc de galets de lest. Les diffĂ©rentes phases de terrain avaient permis de reconnaĂźtre ces sables sur lesquels les diverses structures anthropiques s'installent

    La citadelle de Brouage et la dynamique palĂ©oenvironnementale du marais charentais: l’apport de la malacologie et palynologie

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    International audienceL'ancien port de Brouage est situĂ© face Ă  l'Ăźle d'OlĂ©ron, aujourd'hui en plein marais, Ă  quelques kilomĂštres de la mer. Si le chenal est aujourd'hui inaccessible Ă  tout bateau de fort tonnage, cela n'a pas Ă©tĂ© le cas Ă  l'Ă©poque moderne. La fouille de la maison Champlain, initiĂ©e dĂšs 2003 par K. Robin (Conseil GĂ©nĂ©ral de la Charente-Maritime) et reprise depuis par A. Champagne, a donc la particularitĂ© de se situer dans un milieu humide dont la gĂ©omorphologie et la dynamique sĂ©dimentaire ont considĂ©rablement fluctuĂ©. La comprĂ©hension de ces Ă©volutions est au cƓur de nos prĂ©occupations au niveau Ă  la fois de l'implantation de cette citadelle en zone littorale mais aussi de la gestion des ressources alimentaires et matĂ©riaux de construction. La prospection gĂ©ophysique entreprise en 2010 par V. MathĂ©, a Ă©tĂ© confrontĂ©e Ă  des donnĂ©es gĂ©otechniques anciennes (MathĂ© 2010). Elle a prĂ©cisĂ© l'hypothĂšse d'une ville Ă©tablie sur un banc de sable, reposant sur du bri, et non sur un banc de galets de lest. Les diffĂ©rentes phases de terrain avaient permis de reconnaĂźtre ces sables sur lesquels les diverses structures anthropiques s'installent

    Ne confondons pas coquilles et coquillages

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    L’arrivĂ©e de l’archĂ©omalacologie en tant que discipline nouvelle de l’archĂ©ologie ne cesse de mettre en Ă©vidence des utilisations parfois oubliĂ©es des coquillages le long du littoral atlantique français. Plusieurs activitĂ©s nĂ©cessitent la collecte de l’animal vivant ou coquillage telles la consommation alimentaire ou l’extraction de colorant, d’autres n’utilisent que le test ou la coquille (parure, Ă©lĂ©ments de construction, dĂ©cor mural, outil
). Tout au long de la chronologie, un mĂȘme phĂ©nomĂšne semble se rĂ©pĂ©ter. Les coquilles des coquillages consommĂ©s sont rarement recyclĂ©es. L’archĂ©ologie permet de mettre en lumiĂšre cette dichotomie dĂšs leur acquisition. Ainsi, la collecte du coquillage frais semble correspondre Ă  une activitĂ© diffĂ©rente de celle qui consiste Ă  ramasser des coquilles dĂ©pourvues de la chair de l’animal. Si certains mollusques marins autrefois consommĂ©s ne le sont plus actuellement, ce n’est pas forcĂ©ment du fait d’une perte de leur accessibilitĂ©. Des phĂ©nomĂšnes sociaux ou environnementaux ont pu effacer de notre mĂ©moire des espĂšces de mollusques marins en tant que ressource alimentaire. La contrainte liĂ©e Ă  la conservation de l’animal, le plus souvent frais a, par le passĂ©, limitĂ© la diffusion de cette ressource alimentaire sur de longue distance. Ce facteur limitant n’est pas le seul Ă  avoir exercĂ© un tri parmi les espĂšces consommĂ©es loin du littoral. En effet, l’archĂ©ologie permet de comparer les ressources marines consommĂ©es par les populations infĂ©odĂ©es aux zones cĂŽtiĂšres avec celles d’occupants plus continentaux. Ce ne sont pas forcĂ©ment les mollusques, qui rĂ©sistent le mieux Ă  des sĂ©jours hors de l’eau de mer, qui seront les plus prisĂ©s par les populations les plus Ă©loignĂ©es des gisements naturels. Enfin, les coquilles dĂ©couvertes en contextes archĂ©ologiques sont parfois transportĂ©es par l’homme, involontairement, grĂące Ă  des vecteurs. Ceux-ci sont les tĂ©moins d’autres activitĂ©s anthropiques intimement liĂ©es Ă  l’environnement marin.The archaeomalacology is still a new discipline of the archaeology. It brings to light uses of shells sometimes forgotten along the French Atlantic coast. Several activities require the gathering of the alive animal like the food consumption or the extraction of dye, the others use only the test (ornament, elements of construction, wall decoration, tool). Throughout the chronology, the same phenomenon repeats. The shells of the consummate shellfish are rarely recycled. The archaeology allows to bring to light this dichotomy from their acquisition. So, the gathering of the fresh shell seems to correspond to a different activity from the one which consists in collecting shells devoid of some flesh. If certain marine mollusks formerly consummate are not eaten any more at present, it is not only linked to a loss of their accessibility. Social or environmental phenomena were able to erase species of marine mollusks as food resource of our memory. The constraint connected to the preservation of the animal, mostly freshly, limited in the past, the distribution of this food resource on long distance. This limiting factor is not the only one to have exercised a sorting among the species consumed far from the coast. Indeed, the archaeology allows to compare the marine resources consumed by the populations vassal of the coastal zones of those occupying more continental territories. It is not necessarily the mollusks which resist best stays outside the sea water, which will be the most appreciated by the populations the most distant from the natural deposits. Finally, shells discovered in archaeological contexts are sometimes involuntarily transported by the man by means of vectors. These last ones are witnesses of other anthropological activities confidentially connected to the marine environment

    Les coquillages alimentaires des dépÎts et amas coquilliers du Mésolithique récent/final de la façade atlantique de la France

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    Les populations mĂ©solithiques vivant Ă  proximitĂ© ou sur des zones de dĂ©chets coquilliers ont, par le passĂ©, Ă©tĂ© associĂ©es Ă  une image trĂšs nĂ©gative. Ces ramasseurs de coquillages auraient ainsi Ă©tabli leur campement dans des zones marginales dont personne ne voulait. Cette vision des populations cĂŽtiĂšres du MĂ©solithique tend, actuellement, a ĂȘtre modifiĂ©e par l’analyse de leur mode de subsistance et de rĂ©sidence, jusque lĂ  peu prise en compte. Les caractĂ©ristiques de l’exploitation de la malacofaune marine montrent que la diversitĂ© des substrats et des espĂšces les plus accessibles a Ă©tĂ© exploitĂ©e. Elle traduit un comportement opportuniste de ces populations qui ne se sont pas limitĂ©es aux coquillages mais qui ont collectĂ©, pĂȘchĂ© et chassĂ© tout ce qui Ă©tait disponible dans leur environnement. D’autre part, les points communs aux diffĂ©rents sites du MĂ©solithique tendent vers un meilleur rendement de l’exploitation des coquillages en limitant les sous-systĂšmes techniques de l’acquisition et de la consommation de cette denrĂ©e. Enfin, des diffĂ©rences sont aussi observĂ©es. Elles opposent des sites Ă  la faible diversitĂ© spĂ©cifique de la malacofaune, Ă  d’autres de plus grande diversitĂ©. D’autres Ă©lĂ©ments tendent Ă  dissocier ces deux types de sites. Les amas Ă  la plus grande diversitĂ© spĂ©cifique se composent d’autres restes fauniques (mammifĂšres terrestres et marins, oiseaux, poissons, crustacĂ©s...) et le temps de rĂ©sidence semble y ĂȘtre plus prolongĂ© que pour les autres sites oĂč aucun reste de faune autre que les coquillages a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©. MĂȘme si l’ébauche d’une organisation logistique du territoire demande Ă  ĂȘtre validĂ©e, cette Ă©tude montre que ces populations mĂ©solithiques ne sont pas isolĂ©es des autres groupes humains contemporains.In the past, Mesolithic populations, which live on coastal economies next or on shell middens, have been associated to marginal location, where no one wants to live. This old picture of the coastal population of the Mesolithic is currently changed with new analyses of their diet and their time of residence. The characteristics of the gathering of seashells are showing that all the diversity of the substrats and of the species nearby the settlement has been exploited. This point shows an opportunistic way of life of the Mesolithic populations. They haven’t restricted this comportment to the malacofauna but have gathered, fished and hunted all that they have found in their nearby environment. The similarities observed in the exploitation of the malacofauna reduce the number of obligatory stages to hit the mark and correspond with a best yield of this activity. Some differences have also been observed. They opposed settlements with a large diversity of species of shells to more reduced spectra. The first ones seem to be associated with some varied activities and with a more permanent settlement. The second ones could be associated with punctual expeditions. The model of the organisation of the territory proposed in this paper need to be test. In spite of this last point, this study is showing that Mesolithic populations are not isolated from other human contemporary groups

    Collective orientation of an immobile fish school, effect on rheotaxis

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    We study the orientational order of an immobile fish school. Starting from the second Newton's law, we show that the inertial dynamics of orientations is ruled by an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. This process describes the dynamics of alignment between neighboring fish in a shoal, a dynamics already used in the literature for mobile fish schools. Firstly, in a fluid at rest, we calculate the global polarization (i.e. the mean orientation of the fish) which decreases rapidly as a function of the noise. We show that the faster a fish is able to reorient itself, the more the school can afford to reorder itself for important noise values. Secondly, in the prescence of a stream, each fish tends to orient itself and swims against the flow: the so-called rheotaxis. So even in the presence of a flow, it results in an immobile fish school. By adding an individual rheotaxis effect to alignment interaction between fish, we show that in a noisy environment, individual rheotaxis is enhanced by alignment interactions between fish.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figure

    réformes fiscales au Royaume-Uni de 1992 à 2002.

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    Transfusion practices in postpartum hemorrhage: a population-based study.: Transfusion in Postpartum Haemorrhage

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    International audienceOBJECTIVE: To describe transfusion practices and anemia in women with postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), according to the clinical context. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. SETTING: A total of 106 French maternity units (146 781 deliveries, December 2004 to November 2006). POPULATION: All women with PPH (n = 9365). METHODS: Description of the rate of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in PPH overall and compared with transfusion guidelines. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Transfusion practices and postpartum anemia by mode of delivery and cause of PPH in women given RBCs within 12 h after PPH. RESULTS: A total of 701 women received RBCs (0.48 ± 0.04% of all women and 7.5 ± 0.5% of women with PPH). Half the women with clinical PPH and hemoglobin lower than 7.0 g/dL received no RBCs. In the group with clinical PPH and transfusion within 12 h (n = 426), operative vaginal delivery was associated with a larger maximal hemoglobin drop, more frequent administration of fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) and pro-hemostatic agents [odds ratio (OR) 3.54, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.12-11.18], transfusion of larger volumes of RBCs and FFP, a higher rate of massive RBCs transfusion (OR 5.22, 95% CI 2.12-12.82), and more frequent use of conservative surgery (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.34-7.76), compared with spontaneous vaginal delivery. CONCLUSIONS: The RBC transfusion for PPH was not given in a large proportion of women with very low hemoglobin levels despite guidelines to the contrary. Operative vaginal delivery is characterized by higher blood loss and more transfusions than spontaneous vaginal delivery
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