14 research outputs found

    Palaeoenvironmental evolution in the coastal plain of Baixo Ribeira during the shell mounds occupation.

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    Pollen and diatoms analyses in a peat bog from the Baixo Ribeira do Iguape region (São Paulo State, Brazil) showed expressive changes in the environmental conditions. Brackish waters connected to the sea covered this site before 3.250 years BP; after that a swamp forest developed. Sea presence is due to the marine transgression that culminated at 5.100 years BP. Lowering of sea level has been gradual from 5.100 years BP to the present, without major oscillations. This drastic change in environmental conditions can explain the distribution of the archaeological sites in this region, specially the presence of shell mounds 50 km away from the coast.A análise palinológica e diatomológica do perfil sedimentar de uma turfeira da região do Baixo Ribeira de Iguape (estado de São Paulo, Brasil), mostrou mudanças significativas nas condições ambientais. Antes de 3.250 anos AP a região era recoberta por águas salobras em conexão com o mar, depois ela foi ocupada por uma floresta paludosa. A penetração do mar está relacionada à transgressão marinha que culminou há 5.100 anos AP. A descida do nível do mar foi progressiva de 5.100 anos AP até o presente, sem oscilações notáveis. Esta mudança radical das condições ambientais pode explicar a distribuição geográfica dos sítios arqueológicos da região, em particular a presença de sambaquis a 50 km da costa

    Potencial de regeneração natural de um plantio compensatório realizado em unidade de conservação urbana sob forte pressão antrópica

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    Protected areas by the law represent one of the strategies for biodiversity conservation, especially in regions under strong human pressure. However, many of these protected areas present barriers that prevent natural regeneration and knowing them becomes essential. In this sense, the objective of this work was to verify the regeneration potential of a restoration plantation carried out in a Conservation Unit, by quantifying the contribution of diaspores and the formation of young individuals. Seed collectors and natural regeneration plots were launched in a plantation carried out at the Fontes do Ipiranga State Park, São Paulo, SP. 54 species (41 arboreal) were identified and 24,033 propagules (17,775 of the invasive species Urochloa decumbens) were registered and regarding seedling recruitment there were 58 species (16 arboreal). The regeneration potential was still greatly influenced by the conditions of the area and the strong presence of invasive grasses, combined with the low diversity of tree species identified in the seed rain and in the recruitment of seedlings, had compromised the process.Áreas protegidas por lei representam uma das estratégias para conservação da biodiversidade, principalmente em regiões sob forte pressão antrópica. Porém, muitas dessas áreas protegidas apresentam barreiras impeditivas à regeneração natural e conhecê-las torna-se primordial. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o potencial de regeneração de um plantio de restauração realizado em uma Unidade de Conservação, por meio da quantificação do aporte de diásporos e da formação de indivíduos jovens. Para isso, foram instalados coletores de sementes e parcelas de regeneração natural num plantio realizado no Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, São Paulo, SP. Foram identificadas 54 espécies (41 arbóreas) e registrados 24.033 propágulos (17.775 da espécie invasora Urochloa decumbens) e quanto ao recrutamento de plântulas foram 58 espécies (16 arbóreas). O potencial de regeneração foi influenciado pelas condições da área, e a forte presença de gramíneas invasoras, aliada à baixa diversidade de espécies arbóreas identificadas na chuva de sementes e no recrutamento de plântulas, tem comprometido o processo

    ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

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    Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

    The montane forests of the Morro Grande Forest Reserve, Cotia (São Paulo State, Brazil)

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    Orientador: Paulo Yoshio KageyamaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: A Reserva Florestal do Morro Grande localiza-se em Cotia, SP, Brasil, no Planalto de Ibiúna, nos rebordos do Planalto Paulistano, aproximadamente entre os paralelos 23o35 -50 S e 46o50 - 47ºWG. Situada entre cerca de 850-1.050 m de altitude, mantém importante manancial d água da metrópole paulistana e cerca de 10.000 ha de florestas em um grande mosaico sucessional. A maior parte da região possui embasamento cristalino, com xistos e gnaisses pré-cambrianos. Possui atualmente clima temperado com inverno menos seco (Cfb, Köppen), estando localizada em transição climática oceano-continente, nas bordas da bacia terciária de São Paulo. Segundo alguns autores, a região foi recoberta originalmente por florestas atlânticas mistas com pinheiro-do- Paraná. Para outros, faz parte do complexo interiorano da floresta estacional semidecidual. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos gerais caracterizar a RFMG e caracterizar fitogeograficamente as florestas regionais, como subsídios ao seu zoneamento, e como objetivos específicos: i) levantar a composição principal do estrato arbóreo das florestas da Reserva; ii) comparar as florestas secundárias e maduras existentes; iii) verificar as séries sucessionais da regeneração secundária tardia e possíveis espécies indicadoras dos diferentes estágios; iii) servir de testemunha para comparações com fragmentos florestais em áreas contíguas; iv) inferir sobre a importância da conservação das áreas florestais da RFMG. A floresta foi amostrada aplicando o método de pontos quadrantes. Amostraram-se 2.400 árvores em seis diferentes locais. Em cada local amostrou-se 400 árvores em quatro blocos de 25 pontos-quadrante ou 100 indivíduos, distantes 200 m uns dos outros. Três das áreas escolhidas foram localizadas em regiões de florestas secundárias e outras três buscando trechos de florestas maduras, com menor evidência de perturbações antrópicas recentes ou mais conservadas. Foram abertas duas picadas em cada área, totalizando 12 picadas de amostragem, seis em áreas predominantemente secundárias e seis em áreas predominantemente originais ou aparentemente menos degradadas. Posteriormente à escolha das áreas efetuou-se mapeamento da vegetação da Reserva evidenciando-se o mosaico sucessional e as taxas de cobertura de vegetação secundária em estágio médio/avançado ou avançado/primitivo. Os resultados revelaram diferenças entre as áreas e blocos amostrados, relacionadas às alterações antrópicas passadas, realçando a presença de áreas secundárias em estádio médio-avançado e áreas maduras, embora em porções restritas da RFMG. Das 260 espécies arbóreas encontradas, 12 foram amostradas nas seis áreas. A riqueza encontrada foi alta quando comparada a outros levantamentos. Os índices de diversidade de Shannon (H ) situaram-se entre os maiores para as florestas paulistas: 4,75 nats/ind. para a amostragem total; 4,25 para as três áreas secundárias; e 4,54 para as três áreas maduras. A amostra estratificada permitiu verificar a variação interna da floresta, revelando diferenças em riqueza e abundância entre as áreas e os blocos de amostragem, em particular diferenciando as áreas secundárias e maduras, realçadas pelas análises de agrupamento e ordenação. A DCA mostrou-se útil na detecção de espécies características dentro do gradiente sucessional. A floresta pode ser classificada como Floresta Ombrófila Densa Montana atlântica, com presença de espécies de florestas mistas, estacionais semideciduais e cerradão, o que parece confirmar a existência, no local, de um antigo refúgio alto-montano sob condições de climas mais secos no passado, assim como o caráter ecotonal das florestas da região. A riqueza e mistura de elementos de várias floras denotam a importância da conservação da RFMG. Espera-se que este trabalho possa contribuir para o entendimento da flora regional e a conservação da diversidade biológica, fornecendo subsídios para o estabelecimento do plano de manejo da RFMG, além de servir como base em considerações de cunho fitogeográfico e ecológico sobre as florestas do Planalto Paulistano e de IbiúnaAbstract: The Morro Grande Forest Reserve is located in the municipality of Cotia, state of São Paulo, Brazil, in the Ibiúna Plateau, on the borders of the Paulistano Plateau (ca. 23o35 -50 S and 46o50 - 47ºWG). The Reserve protects an area of 10,000 ha of forest formed by patches of varying successional stages, in an altitude that ranges between 850-1.050 masl. The Reserve is also an important water source for the city of São Paulo. Most of the region is on crystalline basement, with per-Cambrian schist and gneisses. The Reserve is in the ocean-continent climatic transition, in the borders of the tertiary basin of São Paulo, and the local climate is temperate with less dry winter (Cfb, Köppen). According to some authors the region was originally occupied by mixed Atlantic Forest with Araucaria angustifolia. Other authors consider the region part of a seasonal semi deciduous forest complex. This study had the main objective of characterizing the Reserve and the regional forests. Specific objectives were: i) study the tree species composition; ii) compare the old-growth forest patches with successional patches; iii) study late successional stages and characteristic species of different stages; iii) work as a basis for comparison with smaller forest fragments in the region; iv) discuss the importance of the Reserve as a preservation area. Sampling was done using the quadrant method. Two thousands and four hundred trees were sampled in six different sites. In each site four hundred trees were sampled in four blocks of 25 quadrant points or one hundred trees, with 200 m from neighboring blocks. Three sites were located in second growth forest patches while three were located in mature patches. The vegetation was then mapped howing the different successional patches. Results showed differences in sites and blocks, related to human past disturbances. Two hundred and sixty species were found, twelve of them in all six sites. The forest was found to be very species rich. Shannon index (H ) for the different sites was ound to be among the highest for the forest of the state: 4,75 nats/ind. for the Reserve; 4,25 for the hree second growth sites; and 4,54 for the mature sites. Stratified sampling showed the diversity within the forest, showing differences in richness and abundance between sites and blocks, and pecially showing the difference between second growth and mature sites, highlighted by grouping analyses and ordination. A DCA showed the characteristic species within the successional gradient. The forest can be considered as Ombrophyllous Dense Montane Forest, with some species from mixed and seasonal semi deciduous forests and cerradão, which suggests the region as an old high montane refuge under a past drier climate, as well as an ecotone character. The species diversity and the mixture of species of different forest types show the importance of the conservation of the Reserve. This work contributes to the understanding of the regional flora and to biodiversity conservation, to the development of a management plan for the Reserve, and to the understanding of the phytogeographic and ecologic aspects of the Ibiúna and Paulistano PlateausDoutoradoBiologia VegetalDoutor em Biologia Vegeta

    Estudos fisionomico-floristicos e fitossociologicos em matas residuais secundarias no municipio de Piracicaba, SP

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    Orientador : Hermogenes de Freitas Leitão FilhoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: Com base em material botânico coletado em matas residuais secundárias localizadas dentro do Campus da USP e arredores da cidade de Piracicaba, São Paulo, apresentou-se uma listagem florística de 388 espécies de Magnoliophyta -distribuídas em 257 gêneros e 76 famílias e, ainda, 9 espécies de Pteridophyta. A região em estudo situa-se na depressão periférica paulista, zona do médio-Tietê, cuja geomorfologia complexa assinala várias mudanças paleo-climáticas que devem ter agido no estabelecimento da flora local. o clima regional atual é mesotérmico, Com chuvas de .verão, do tipo Cwa, segundo o sistema de Koppen. Discutiu-se brevemente a terminologia adotada para a formação florestal analisada (floresta mes6fila semidecidual ou floresta estacional semidecidual) e para os diferentes estágios de sucesso, comprovando a necessidade de revisão conceitual. Em uma tentativa preliminar, procurou-se descrever os principais estágios serais observados assim como as associaç5es ribeirinhas. As espécies vegetais foram selecionadas pelo sua forma devida. Assim listaram-se, para as Magnoliophyta, 50 espécies herbáceas, 14 subarbustivas, 50 arbustivas, 88 trepadeiras, 27 epifíticas e 159 arb6reas ou arborescentes. As famílias mais representativas entre as espécies arboreas foram Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Mí mosaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rutaceae, Meliaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Moraceae e Rubiaceae. Entre as trepadeiras destacaram-se Bignoniaceae, Malpighiaceae, Sapindaceae e Dioscoreaceae. Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae e Cactaceae foram famílias com maior numero de espécies epifíticas...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digitalAbstract: A floristic list of 388 species of Magnoliophyta, belonging to 257 genera in 76 families, and a furthel 9 species of Pteridophyta, is Pf'esented; this is based on ma-ter'ial collected in residual secondary' forest on the Campus of the University of São Paulo and in the neighbouhood of the city of Pif'acicaba, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The region studied is part of the São Paulo peripheral depression, in the mid-Tiete zone; the complex geomorphology points to a number of palaeo-climatic changes which may be supposed to have affected the establishment of the local flora. The Present climate is type Cwa in the Kõppen system mesothermic with summer rains...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertationsMestradoBiologia VegetalMestre em Ciências Biológica

    Successional stage and geographic features determine floristic similarity among Atlantic Forest remnants, Sao Paulo State, Brazil

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    Analysis of floristic similarity relationships between plant communities can detect patterns of species occurrence and also explain conditioning factors. Searching for such patterns, floristic similarity relationships among Atlantic Forest sites situated at Ibiuna Plateau, Sao Paulo state, Brazil, were analyzed by multivariate techniques. Twenty one forest fragments and six sites within a continuous Forest Reserve were included in the analyses. Floristic composition and structure of the tree community (minimum dbh 5 cm) were assessed using the point centered quarter method. Two methods were used for multivariate analysis: Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN). Similarity relationships among the study areas were based on the successional stage of the community and also on spatial proximity. The more similar the successional stage of the communities, the higher the floristic similarity between them, especially if the communities are geographically close. A floristic gradient from north to south was observed, suggesting a transition between biomes, since northern indicator species are mostly heliophytes, occurring also in cerrado vegetation and seasonal semideciduous forest, while southern indicator species are mostly typical ombrophilous and climax species from typical dense evergreen Atlantic Forest

    Relief influence on tree species richness in secondary forest fragments of Atlantic Forest, SE, Brazil

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    (Relief influence on tree species richness in secondary forest fragments of Atlantic Forest, SE, Brazil). The aim of this work was to explore the relationship between tree species richness and morphological characteristics of relief at the Ibiuna Plateau (SE Brazil). We sampled 61 plots of 0.30 ha, systematically established in 20 fragments of secondary forest (2-274 ha) and in three areas within a continuous secondary forest site, Morro Grande Reserve (9,400 ha). At each plot, 100 trees with diameter at breast height > 5 cm were sampled by the point centered quarter method, and total richness and richness per dispersal and succession class were obtained. The relief was characterized by the mean and variance of slope, elevation, aspect and slope location. There was no significant relationship between relief heterogeneity and tree species richness. Relief parameters generally did not affect tree richness, but elevation was particularly important especially in the continuous forest. Despite the limited range of altitudinal variation (150 m), species richness increases with elevation. The highest areas were also those with the largest forest cover and the lowest disturbance degree, which should contribute to the greater richness of those sites. Our results suggest an indirect influence of relief, due to the fact that deforestation is less intense in higher regions, rather than a direct influence of abiotic factors related to the altitudinal gradient.Program BIOTA FAPESP[99/05123-4]Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP
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